ABM WEEK 2019 | Schedule

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The use of pellet feed to adjust the chemical quality of the sinter is an alternative to the depletion of iron ore reserves. However, the addition of ultrafine in the sintering process can cause decrease of permeability and consequent drop in machine productivity. In this context, the present work investigated the addition of natural and ground pellet feed, evaluating its effects on cold agglomeration for sintering and quality of quasi-particles produced. Eight typical mixtures with industrial composition were produced in the laboratory, replacing Sinter Feed with different percentages of Natural Pellet Feed (NPF, 91% <150 μm) and Ground Pellet Feed (GPF, 83% <44 μm). The mixtures were subjected to cold agglomeration tests and the quasi-particles produced were evaluated by screening, shatter test, permeability test and disintegration into primary particles analysis. There was a decrease in the mean particle size of quasi-particles and reduce in permeability with addition of the ultrafines. The addition of NPF favored the layering mechanism in larger quasi-particles. The coalescence mechanism occurred for larger additions of NPF and GPF, being more expressive for GFM additions.

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In recent times there has been an increase in the demand from Steel plants for a technology that offers the most economical environmentally sustainable solution. In terms of blast furnace off gas cleaning this has seen a drive towards Cyclone technology replacing the older Dustcatchers. Cyclone technology can achieve dust removal efficiencies as high as 95% increasing the dust yield at the primary stage of gas cleaning. The dry dust (rich in Fe and C) can then be recycled to the Sinter Plant or Blast Furnace. Capture of dust at this stage also has the benefit that sludge generation from the secondary stage is also reduced meaning less waste to landfill and / or recovery of some of the by-products for further use. Primetals Technologies already offer a state of the art Tri-Axial Cyclone installed on many sites world-wide, however, this paper focuses on a hybrid of this technology, the DustClone. The DustClone is a low CAPEX unit that is essentially a Cyclone housed inside the Dustcatcher. This unit is aimed at operators who may be carrying out smaller scaled shutdowns / repairs that normally have a reduced CAPEX. This paper describes the technology that Primetals Technologies have developed.

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Fault analysis is a model used to prevent or analyze nonconformities in projects, industrial processes or products. This method consists of a technical investigation, where it is possible to reveal several items in the project, such as material imperfection, project errors, improper maintenance and so on. This work had as objective to perform the analysis of failure of a determined axis, in order to find the main causes that caused the fracture of the piece. For this, some analyzes were performed as: visual analysis, chemical analysis, microstructure analysis and microhardness. After all the analysis, it was verified that the axis underwent a welding process, which reduced its resistance to fatigue nucleation, consequently leading to failure due to repeated bending.

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The inadequate allocation of construction waste generated through demolition, renovation and construction of works cause social and environmental impacts. Recycling is the most appropriate method for the reuse of such waste. In order to give purpose to these residues, the synthesis of geopolymers based on construction waste (red ceramic waste and cement residue) was developed using sodium hydroxide, alkali sodium silicate solution and water. Two formulations were produced for the production of the specimens, which were cured at room temperature and in an oven at 80ºC for 7 days. After the healing, tests of resistance to axial compression, water absorption by capillarity, apparent porosity and density were performed. The results showed a geopolymer with 22.47 MPa of compressive strength, 9.65% apparent water absorption, 16.45% apparent porosity and density of 1.70 g/cm³, for healing at 80 ° C, it being observed that when increasing the healing temperature, we increase the compressive strength of the obtained geopolymer. This demonstrates a potential for its use in the construction industry, as well as adequate waste disposal for this sector.

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The following work presents the production results of AA7075 aluminum metal matrix composites reinforced by silicon carbide through powder metallurgy (PM) techniques of mechanical alloying, uniaxial compaction and sintering under nitrogen (N2) atmosphere. The powders processed by mechanical alloying were characterized by SEM, XRD and Laser diffraction to evaluate the morphology, the structure and finally the powder particles sizes. The powders were cold compacted and sintered and then characterized. The composites were successfully produced using powder metallurgy techniques.

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O processo de vácuo é a solução típica aplicada quando é hora de atualizar o nível de qualidade do aço de uma aciaria existente. A instalação do novo RH de 150t na planta integrada no México e do novo Tanque de Desgaseificação à Vácuo (VD) de 135t no Canadá para a produção de tubos de alta qualidade na América do Norte é um exemplo típico disso. A nova instalação inclui o mais recente conceito de design para este tipo de equipamento: operações totalmente automatizadas e menor impacto ambiental são os principais aspectos do projeto. A solução de bomba mecânica a seco continua sendo a melhor abordagem de investimento e custo operacional para a tecnologia de vácuo. Os principais aspectos do design da planta são descritos neste documento. O desgaseificador a vácuo RH que será abordado nesse trabalho é responsável pela melhoria das performances metalúrgicas, especialmente em termos de nitrogênio, remoção de hidrogênio e nível de pureza do aço. O processo a jusante e os resultados estão estritamente ligados aos desempenhos do desgaseificador a vácuo. O monitoramento de processos através da linha completa é uma prática padrão para obter uma melhoria efetiva da qualidade do produto. Os desempenhos metalúrgicos do desgaseificador a vácuo são analisados e comentados neste trabalho

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The EOF is a basic oxygen furnace characterized by the concept of preheating of the solid charge based on the energy of the previous heat. Even with a supervisory system, the operation was manual. The work consisted in the development and implantation of mathematical models of blowing, aiming to reach the temperature and chemical composition programmed for tapping. The system of equations considers all the metallic charges with that respective chemical compositions and it defines the amount of energetic or cooling, besides the quantity of limes according to the basicity and MgO content objectified in the slag. Initially, the development went to knowledge of the process, given the excellence and originality of the EOF furnace, which is different of others BOF. Next, standards and operational practices were defined that guaranteed the reproducibility of the process, to finally allow the calculation through mathematical models. After process automation the significant gains in productivity, reduction in material consumption, increase in metal yield and lower consumption of refractories were achieved.

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The coke is exposed to different mechanical demands of the type impact, abrasion and compression, from the dewatering to its consumption in the blast furnace. To prevent coke from undergoing severe degradation it is required that it has a high mechanical strength. In order to monitor this parameter, the drum test is used mainly, but only the degradation by impact and abrasion. In this context, this work developed a methodology to evaluate the mechanical resistance to compression, initially in individual coke particles, pointing out the most resistant granulometry. The cokes were transformed into test bodies and tested on a universal testing machine. The results indicate that the average tensile stress increases with increasing particle size. Later, the mechanical resistance to compression in coke bed was evaluated, it was possible to simulate in a hydraulic press the pressure that the column of the loads exerts on the coke bed in the Blast Furnace and later correlated the compression with index drum and obtained excellent results.

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The research in steel dephosphorization were driven by the increasing demand for high-quality steel with fewer impurities. One of these impurities is the phosphorus. It is an undesirable element in steel, because of its deleterious effect in steel properties. In the last decades, researchers have studied dephosphorization to deduce expressions based in chemical composition and temperature. These expressions, deduced using equilibrium data, did not achieved a good correlation with industrial data. All expression can be written as a sum of a basicity term, an oxygen potential term, a temperature term and a constant of adjustment. This paper aims to create a new expression using, industrial data (slag and steel) and the results obtained by the thermodynamic program FactSage v. 7.2 to achieve a better correlation. The results given by FactSage were the Lp and viscosity of the slag, they were considered as an equilibrium term and kinetic term, resulting in another expression. Besides that, the expression will be tested using another group of industrial data. As a result, the new model had a good correlation with the industrial data R2=0.89, and with the second industrial data, R2 = 0.83. This fact evidences the importance of scrap load in dephosphorization.

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The gradual reduction of the sinter feed size has been a complicating factor in the maintenance of sintering productivity. In addition, pellet feeds have been used for chemical correction. Because of this, it is necessary an effective cold agglomeration step in sintering to keep the ironmaking competitiveness. Thus, in the present paper, four different technological routes for cold agglomeration with sinter feeds (drum mixer, intensive mixer + drum, double drum and HPS - Hybrid Pelletized Sinter) were evaluated in pilot scale and their impacts on the indicators of the sintering and the sinter quality was obtained. It was found that the best results on granulation index and, consequently, productivity were obtained in the route using HPS. However, the sinter from this process was the most fragile among the analyzed ones. The performance of the double drum process was superior to the intensive mixer from the point of view of productivity and sinter quality.

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The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of statistical analysis of mine clearance data for the correct understanding of the performance of trucks and their operators, identifying any systemic anomaly that may be amenable to improvement and cost reduction.

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Desliming is a method of classifying mineral particles, which aims at removal of slimes so as to prepare the slurry to downstream concentration processes. It is a common item in mineral processing flowsheets, being mostly carried out in hydrocyclones, in which separation is result of complex fluid flow and its interaction with the mineral particles. When dealing with particles contained in size ranges relevant to desliming, the challenge in describing the process is even greater. The work deals with the fitting of the Narasimha-Mainza model of classification in hydrocyclones to data from desliming an itabirite iron ore, for prediction of feed slurry flowrate, corrected cut size and short-circuit to the underflow. As such, tests were conducted at both pilot and industrial plants in KREBS 2.7” and 4” cyclones operating under a variety of conditions. In the validation of the model, deviations between the predicted and measured values were lower than 34% for feed slurry flowrate, less than 22% for corrected cut size and less than 18% for short-circuit for underflow.

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Flexible Pipe Manufacturing Processes are increasingly being subjected to the need to improve the resilience of materials, due to the higher depth of oil exploration. Among these materials is the steel strip responsible for manufacturing the first layer of the flexible pipe, called by the carcass, which is liable for withstanding the internal pressure of the product passing through the inner of the pipe. Currently, steel strips with bigger size are being used in the Duplex material. The mechanical and microstructural characteristics were evaluated. This work aims at modelling of a mechanical forming process of Duplex and SuperDuplex stainless steel strips through Computational Simulation Software (ANSYS LS-Dyna and ABAQUS) in order to perform explicit dynamic analyzes in which the material, in which the material supports higher efforts in a short period of time. The Explicit Computational Simulation was made associated with an industrial case, obtaining a simulation compatible with the real process, being possible to validate the model. Finally, after the validation of the model, a computational analysis was done between the Duplex and Super Duplex materials, in which it was possible to detect some places of the strip with greater stresses.

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In the production of several types of steel the control of composition, size and distribution of the non-metallic inclusions is of fundamental importance, not only for the steel products quality, but also for the guarantee of continuity in the steel manufacturing process. The control of inclusions composition is an issue that can be adequately analyzed with the use of a ‘computational thermodynamics’ tool, providing the steelmaker with vital information for process adjustments. In this study, with the help of thermodynamic calculations, special phase diagrams were constructed using FactSage software and its databases. Especially the influences of Al and Ti on the composition of the inclusions were analyzed, taking into account the total oxygen content. Moreover, two methodologies (static and dynamic) were used to understand the important phenomenon of reoxidation. In addition to helping steelmaking engineers to understand this type of analysis, the results of this work should be motivating for students in this area of engineering to engage themselves with the so called ‘computer thermodynamics’.

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Reducing gas' chemical composition affects significantly its diffusivity through the bed and the ability to reduce the metallic burden. Moreover, the economic and environmental scenario demands increasingly productivity of blast furnaces, with low fuel rate and lower CO2 emissions. Therefore, companies have pursued a high coal injection rate and, in cases of favorable policy, intensify the natural gas use. In these cases, the amount of material reduced via H2 as compared to CO is increased. In the present paper, the results of softening and melting (S&M) of two types of NPO, one kind of pellet and industrial sinter are presented, using as reductant gas with different content of H2 (0% to 12% ). It was found that, for the NPO, there is no definite trend. Although higher hydrogen content could favor the reduction, this did not reflect in better bed permeability. In the pellet case, there was a slight tendency of improvement in the evaluated parameters when the gas richest in hydrogen was used. However, its performance in S&M was less than expected, since it presented high resistance to permeability associated with low reducibility until the softening. For sinter, was identified a clear improvement in reduction and bed permeability aspects.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) new technologies are being widely applied for the fabrication of materials in different areas. For metallic materials, powder bed fusion technologies, including selective laser melting (SLM), are the most used. Due to its high flowability, it is common that the used raw material is spherical powder and not irregular powder. However, the production process of spherical powders is expensive. The Ti53Nb alloy is extensively employed on the fabrication of superconducting materials. Moreover, its high biocompatibility and low elastic modulus present a great potential for the fabrication of medical implants through SLM process. This work aims to compare SLM manufactured samples fabricated with spherical and irregular powders of the Ti53Nb alloy, by using the same parameters of power and scanning speed of the laser and different levels of oxygen inside the chamber of fabrication. To that end, measurements of density, hardness, oxygen and nitrogen of the samples were taken. It was also made a comparation among the different microstructures obtained on the process. It was found that the parameters to obtain fully dense samples depend on the powder’s morphologies and is possible to achieve high values of density, even with high values of oxygen.

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The present work discusses several methodologies to proper align experimental assemblies for mechanical tests on servohydraulic machines. Consequences of neglecting proper alignment are shown, and some procedures to mitigate subsequent damages are discussed. In addition, some manufacturing tips are addressed for the adaptation parts that allow the assembly of equipment not originally designed for the machine to be used.

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Synthetic hydroxyapatites are currently a potential alternative for bone regeneration, reconstitution and reintegration. This work proposed the addition of two different percentages of silica from the freshwater sponge from the Amazon region to hydroxyapatite. The sponges were calcined and the silica powders obtained were added to the hydroxyapatite and were pressed to produce pellets. The pellets were sintered and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (EDS) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed the occurrence of partial substitution and degradation in biologically more stable phases favoring the process of reabsorption and growth in biological medium.

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The search for synthetic materials that mimic tissues and organs or even, helps restore their functionalities, makes the number of publications involving biomaterials grow considerably. Numerous diseases result in the need for restoration of bone tissue and thus, the use of a bone graft that suffers from some limitations. Composites development has been an alternative to combine different material properties, enhancing their applications. The study goal was to synthesize composites of PNIPAAm and nanoparticle of hydroxyapatite, combining the properties of an injectable hydrogel with an osteoconductive ceramic; using a new route of synthesis and investigating how the crosslinking agent concentration, in this case MBA, could affect the morphology and characteristics of a series of hydrogels and composites. The characterization techniques used were IR, SEM and TGA. It was observed that the crosslinking agent concentration directly affected the morphology of all the obtained compounds, in which the number of cavities presented on the hydrogel structure increased joint with the concentration of MBA used in the synthesis process; this concentration variation also influenced on amount of nanohydroxyapatite adhered in the polymer matrix. The obtained composites presented characteristics favorable to the potential application as a bone graft.

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Inclusions size distribution, morphology and composition play a remarkable role on steel quality because they strongly influence the chemical and physical properties of the steel such as fatigue, machinability and corrosion resistance. Therefore, in order to improve the quality of the steel, it is necessary to increase the cleanliness of the liquid steel [1]. For that purpose, processes (with different operating costs) are used, such as the bubbling of inert gas in the ladle and its treatment in the RH vacuum degasser. This work presents results from mathematical simulations as well as from industrial trials regarding of removal of inclusions through a rinsing station and RH degasser. A comparison is made confirming the RH superiority.

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At voestalpine Stahl, Linz a new conventional slab caster has been installed to produce mainly automotive and electrical applications grades, implementing the latest design solutions: tight pitch roll geometry, mould and strand stirring and braking devices, SEN water modelling validation, enhanced roll cooling design to allow dry casting conditions, finely defined slab cooling system layout to control slab surface temperature across the width. To control these design solutions the latest generation of technological packages has been implemented like detailed solidification model based on meshless computational algorithm and a fully dynamic application of soft reduction to achieve sound internal quality results.

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The analysis in a coal blend is of great meaning to the cost reduction and quality control in a coke plant, this article intend to discuss the influence of common crushing in coal of different ranks, as their implications in the sampling and sequent analysis.The coal blending process at Ternium Brasil had a gap between the volatile matter analised from the blended coal automatic sampler and the volatile matter calculated from the proporcional avarage of the individual coals, for such were studied all the stages of the blend production process, from the natural difference in the stack, to the hopper flow until the prior and posterior crushing system. The data was analysed and na action plan was made to reduce the gap.

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The present work analyzes the results achieved in Kroman Celik EAF one year after the installation of the Q-MELT Automatic EAF system and the revamping of the furnace chemical package. The main features of the system, such as electrode regulation and foamy slag control, charging optimization, off-gas analysis and closed loop injectors control are summarized. Further improvements have been achieved with the fine tuning of the melting practices, which allowed to progressively reduce the electrical energy consumption. The effect of oxygen dedicated to post combustion is analyzed in terms of electrical energy savings. In addition, slag sampling has been increased to improve the slag builder’s recipe and to reduce the variability of the main chemical compounds. The initial results achieved after the first months of installation were confirmed and improved during (year) 2018. The system showed how its adaptive characteristics changed dynamically the input process parameters according to the variability of the different parameters measured, such as charge mix, off-gas analysis, arc coverage index, etc.

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Moatize Coal Mine is located in Tete Province, in centre of Mozambique. The deposit contains Gondwana allochthonous coals, and has a large amount of mudstone and siltstone banding. Phosphorus levels in the coal can be high which impacts the use of the coals in steel making where phosphorus is considered a contaminant. The Chipanga seam in the Moatize deposit shows considerable variability, vertically within the seam and laterally across the deposit. The data available from the exploration work indicates that the phosphorus is predominantly present as Apatite but the Crandallite minerals also are significant.

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flotation is the main concentration process, has been applied with sucess for the removal of quartz on the iron ore industry aiming high quality concentrates. limiting the top size close to 0,300mm and the removal of slimes are fundamental for the efficiency of reverse flotation of quartz. The high consumption of reagents, leading to insufficient particle coverage, and increased foam stability, leading to the difficulty of removal of quartz particles, are the main deleterious effects of the presence of slimes. Recent characterization studies, together with the development of new collector of linear chain, allowed the obtaining of concentrate with SiO2 contents close to 3% with 94% of metallurgical recovery, based on pilot tests carried out on a sample flotation column of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero.

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Economic growth of a country is related to its energy consumption. Therefore, it is important to find alternatives to reduce the electric energy waste in power grid. During the assembly and operation of transformers used to regulate the voltage at power grid, compressive stresses are applied at magnetic core sheets, increasing the losses and magnetostriction. As consequence, beyond the performance decreases, the transformer noise emission will increase. The present work investigates the effects of annealing under stress (TTT), 500°C, 300 N and 1200 s, on hysteresis loops (power loss) and magnetostriction of a grain oriented electrical steel submitted to compressive stresses. When compared with “as received sample”, the TTT reduced the power loss by -10%, -17%, -14%, -10%, -10% and -7% for the compressive stresses of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 MPa at 0.7 T. However, the TTT had no influence at power loss for the test performed at 1.7 T. Regarding the magnetostriction, the reductions after the TTT, for the stresses of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 MPa, were -6%, -49%, -49%, -16%, -22% and -12% (0.7 T) and -6%, -10%, -38%, -12%, -4% e 5% (1.7 T). In summary, the TTT is efficient to reduce the deleterious effects of compressive stresses, reducing the power loss and magnetostriction. Thus, this treatment could produce more efficient and quiet transformers.

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The friction thats happens through the chip-tool contact can be determinant for the increase of the cutting forces during the machining process. If this friction is significant, the movement of the chip on the output surface of the tool can accelerate crater wear and this reduce the life tool. Thus, the aim of this research paper is to study the frition in the second shear zone by measuring the cutting forces during the turning process of the stainless steels UNS S 32760, AISI 316 and AISI 410 and after using these forces in the Mechant model to determine and compare the coeficiente of friction of these three materials. The variable parameters are the feed rate of the tool and the cutting speed. The depth of cut was kept constant and during this process, no cutting fluid was used.

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A minor change in the chemical composition and temperature affects the slag viscosity, which has a great extent of the physical properties in regarding refining slags. Optimizing those parameters may affect the steel cleanliness. The viscosity measurement process is considered expensive, so the cost-effectiveness does not favor the measures at high-temperatures. Alternatively, it is possible to apply mathematical models or thermodynamic softwares to obtain viscosities for a given range of chemical composition and temperature of slags. The present work contemplates a validation of the experimental data, collected in the literature, with a calculated data and proposes an accurate representation of iso-viscosity curves applied for secondary steelmaking slags, covering the composition ranges: 0–100 wt.% CaO, 0–80 wt.% SiO2, 0–77 wt.% Al2O3 and 0–15 wt.% MgO (CSAM) system at 1500ºC. The viscosity representation fields include fully liquid and a partially liquid slags in the CSAM system and the viscosities were calculated using the FactSage 7.2 (for Liquid Phase) and the Roscoe-Einstein equation (for Phase mixture) for a total of 5976 slags. The preliminary results indicated that there is a great convergence between the calculated and experimental viscosities data, promoting an efficient approximation of the iso-viscosity curves for the CSAM slag system in the high-temperatures.

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This paper aims to present the technology of the Laboratory Information Management System, its benefits and the risks involved in an implementation project. LIMSs have been in existence for more than twenty years but are still difficult to implement successfully. This document will provide a brief introduction to LIMSs followed by a description of some of the technologies available to users today. LIMS projects will rarely fail due to technical constraints, but human inadequacies. The paper will outline some of the pitfalls of implementing LIMS and some of the most likely causes of a LIMS project to fail. It will then give a generalized approach to the development of a successful implementation of LIMS and finally a look at the future addressing some of the LIMS industry needs

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With the deterioration of the quality of the iron ore, the new conditions of quality of the raw materials (mainly sinter feed) were adapted to their processes, resulting in the need for changes in the chemical quality of the sinter for blast furnaces in the Ternium Brazil, without changing the parameters of chemical, physical and metallurgical quality. Due to the change in this scenario, there was a great impact on the quality of the fine iron ore this year in 2019, due to which the work ranges of sinter MgO and B2 were currently modified to minimize these impacts in the blast furnaces of Ternium Brazil. This work aims to minimize the effects of the sinter worsening, with the reduction of the sinter MgO and B2 bands, with an increase of 2% in the mixture yield and FeT elevation in the range of 1.6% in the sinter product

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The TERNIUM Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, has two Blast Furnaces. Both started the operation in 2010, Blast Furnace#01 in 13/07/2010 and Blast Furnace#02 in 06/12/2010. In December 2016 and January 2017, there was a high temperature blow-off, causing emergency stops in the Furnaces.In view of this problem anticipating possible failures in the high temperature blow assembly is fundamental to ensure stable blast furnace operation. Analyzing the process, checking procedures, researching and applying new materials to suit operational conditions is essential to avoid high temperature blow-up and high life

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The main purpose for this work is to analyse the effect of NbC grain size in the liquid-phase sintering process by computational simulation in DICTRA®. Morphological analysis by SEM and particle size distribution by laser granulometry were performed, and the results showed that there are NbC agglomerates of different sizes. Three different sizes of NbC according to particle size curve analysis. Liquid-phase sintering was simulated at 1420 °C considering a model with NbC and 12v%Ni, and the model with particles with radius of 0,35 μm showed total dissolution of NbC indicating that Nb and C in liquid phase came from carbide dissolution, and they are available to grain growth of the larger carbide particles.

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In the current economic scenario, companies are looking to become more competitive, reducing operating costs and unplanned downtime. The biggest challenge for people who are involved in maintenance in today's industries is not just knowing the techniques used in maintenance but deciding which ones are really important for a better asset life cycle. The maintenance stops of large industrial units are periodic events and aim at the reconditioning of equipment, systems and facilities, at an adequate level of reliability, so that production is guaranteed without problems during the next operational campaign. The objective of this work is to create a "live" model that allows to optimize the intervals between stops, from simulations for a certain time of operation to different scenarios of improvement, changes of strategies and extensions, through quantitative methodologies of reliability engineering leading taking into account the cost, risk and performance.

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Thorium ferrite nanoparticles (ThFe2O4) were synthesized by the combustion method with glycine/nitrate ratios N/G = 1 and 2. The samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (DRX). The results showed that the method yields nanometric sized particles of ThFe2O4. A vibration band of the octahedral site of Th-O at 547,7 cm-1 was found in the sample produced with G/N = 2, indicating a probable spinel-type ferrite phase.

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Recurring concerns about the environment and future generations are driving technology and science to seek sustainable measures, ensuring a balance between society-economy and nature. The use of the mycelium as an alternative for polymer replacement is on the rise in the biotechnology industry. The biocomposite was composed of a fungal matrix of white rot (P. sanguineus) and vegetable substrate (coconut powder and wheat bran), inoculated for 13 days and submitted to a temperature of 50, 60 and 70ºC during drying at 48 hours. The results indicate reduction of the compressive strength, density and loss of mass and volume with the increase of temperature. A biocomposite with competitive and foam-like properties is possible to be developed, paying attention to the connection of the mycelial network to the substrate and to the behavior of the mycelial film formed in the inoculation phase

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Increasing demand for low sulfur steels has led some steelmakers to study ways to optimize desulphurisation treatment in steel to reduce the consumption of desulphurizing agents, sulfur content and treatment time in secondary refining. In this paper, the evolution of sulfur during the desulphurisation of steel in the ladle furnace was analyzed in 30 experimental heats using a micropulverized mixture containing lime and fluorite. After evaluating the results and the thermodynamic and kinetic conditions, equations were developed to predict the mixture weight to be injected to obtain the target sulfur content. The optimization of the process resulted in the reduction of 1.1 kg/t micropulverized mixture, 0.22 kg/t of aluminum, 562 kW of energy, 5,4 kg electrode/heat and 2 minutes of treatment.

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The EOF reactor was developed in Brazil in the eighties with unique features. The preheating of scrap and distribution of injection points oxidizing gases and fuels make up these features. A dynamic and versatile reactor able to support big variations between scrap and hot metal charged, by the way with same devices to inject oxygen since when technology start up. This papers aims to show stage 1 of plan sequence of 3 stages of developments that look for increase EOF productivity. In this stage 1 are presented gains related of change number of points to inject oxygen and adaptation of this points for supersonic blow conditions

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The operational stability of the blast furnace depends on the quality of its raw materials, and the Coke Strenght after Reaction (CSR) is one of the main coke quality control parameters to verify the granulometric degradation of the coke after its reaction with CO2. The challenge for steel companies is to produce low-cost, high-quality coke with accurate and consistent results to meet the specifications required by the blast furnace. In this work, using a Six Sigma methodology, a mathematical equation (multi variable linear regression model) was developed and validated to predict the CSR produced by the ArcelorMittal Tubarão coke plant, based on statistical data correlated to the parameters of the coal blend (ash and sulfur contents and ash chemistry expressed by the basicity index).

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Tenova’s Intelligent EAF technology (i EAF®) provides a multistep roadmap for continuous improvement, cost saving and increased safety. A full i EAF®’ System is a combination of real-time measurements, using state-of-the-art technology and robust process models, including a precise real-time mass & energy balance; with the objectives to reduces operating costs while increasing yield & productivity; The i EAF® also represents a powerful, stable and robust process control engine for EAF Level 2 automation and it could be enhanced with the industry’s most comprehensive water leak detection using both H2 & H2O vapor analysis.

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SLUDGES AND DUSTS GENERATED BY STEEL MILLS USUALLY CAUSE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND HAS A HIGH COST SOLUTION. THIS PRESENTATION OFFERS A DIFFERENT APROACH TO THE PROBLEM WITH A SOLUTION THAT NOT ONLY SOLVES THE ENVIROMENTAL ISSUE BUT ALSO BRINGS GREAT SAVINGS TO THE MILL. THIS TECHNOLOGY, REUSES DUSTS AND SLUDGES IN THE SINTERING PROCESS, AFTER THEY ARE MIXED TO THE RIGHT COMPOSITION.

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Um estudo de viabilidade econômica deve considerar parâmetros e incertezas inerentes a um projeto para produzir resultados econômicos consistentes, fornecendo ao investidor uma ferramenta de tomada de decisão. O presente estudo objetivou efetuar inicialmente a avaliação econômica convencional do cenário realista de uma mineração de agregados em fase de implantação localizada em Pernambuco, cujo Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) obtido foi R$ 24.006.309,20, o que representa um resultado positivo. Através da metodologia de Monte Carlo foi efetuada uma análise de risco considerando incertezas em 100.000 cenários, nos quais nove variáveis assumiram valores estocásticos dentro dos domínios definidos, produzindo assim uma distribuição estatística do VPL ao invés de um único número, sendo ainda efetuada uma análise de sensibilidade para identificar e quantificar as variáveis que mais impactam no resultado da avaliação. Por fim, os dois fatores mais influentes identificados na análise de sensibilidade inicial foram isolados e submetidos a uma nova análise de risco em outros 100.000 cenários. Foi concluído que o projeto é economicamente viável e que a probabilidade de gerar lucro aos investidores é de 99,77%, embora a probabilidade do VPL ser igual ou maior que o previsto pelo método convencional seja de 49,98%.

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The disposal of coal tailings in an economically and environmentally sustainable way can be considered one of the biggest challenges for coal producers due to their physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics and the significant annual volumes generated. The processing and utilization of coal fines is recognized as one of the great technical challenges of this industry. These challenges become even greater when it comes to the use of tailings from coking coals. This is due to the potential changes in their various properties, variability of these characteristics along the deposits, the handling and dewatering aspects of the products and the granulometric restrictions imposed by the coking plants for the coals to be handling and coking. This work presents the current stage of project development for the use of a metallurgical coal fines dam, addressing the general concept of the project, the exploratory sampling program and the characterization of the tailings for process and product development purposes after processing. It aims at the characterization and the carbonization tests for product development, the mining method considered, product alternatives, suitable to the market, to be generated and the next steps.

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Possible mechanisms responsible for the static strain aging (SSA) in type AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel were investigated. Tensile tests were interrupted for a certain determined time at different levels of pre-deformation. After reloading, peaks associated with discontinuous yielding typical of SSA were revealed. These tensile tests were conducted at temperatures in the SSA exclusive interval of 100 to 300° C for austenitic stainless steels. Results obtained in double-logarithm graphs for the variation of yielding peaks intensity (ln Δ ) versus time (ln t) allowed the calculation of an exponent n = 0,40 by the linear slope of the graphs. This relatively low value of n was attributed to the mechanism of divacancies migration to solute interstitial atoms forming pairs of vacancy together with either carbon or nitrogen in substitutional position. The further interaction of these pairs with dislocation causes the SSA yielding peaks.

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Abstract:

Controlled cooling processes in the rebar rolling process have, as main objective, the reduction of costs in the steel used. While in the case of uncontrolled cooling, it is necessary to alloy the steel in order to meet with the specification of mechanical properties, which greatly increase the price of rebar production, in the controlled cooling process, the mechanical properties are reached with a raw material with smaller amounts of alloy, substantially reducing its cost and also meeting the standard requirements. This work aims to present an initial simulation methodology of thermal treatment using Excel with operational parameters obtained from a rolling mill to predict the yield strength of thermally treated rebar. The initial model was used to simulate the production of steel rebars with 8 mm and 10 mm in diameter. The results obtained were very similar, with a difference of only 3%.

Abstract:

The alarms system is an essential part to ensure operational safety. However, most of the time, when it is incorrectly implemented, difficulties can arise in identifying emergency situations due to the unbounded amount of alarms flashing simultaneously on the supervision screens. In addition, an excessive amount of alarms can lead to a stressful workplace. This paper shows a successful approach based on continuous monitoring performed by a specialist with instrumentation and process knowledge, which is considered paramount in reducing the occurrence of inappropriate alarms. For the implementation, a simple tool was developed based on the EEMUA191 Guide and ISA 18.2 showing the chosen KPI's organized in an intuitive dashboard, all being fed by an existing alarms and events database.

Abstract:

The copper stave was a development of the Blast Furnace cooling system intended to utilise the high heat transfer properties of copper within a fully covered shell cooling solution. They were originally conceived as being able to provide a permanent cooling lining for use primarily in the higher heat zones of the Blast Furnace. Despite a large number of campaign successes around the world the everlasting concept has not proven universal, with some plants having suffered issues in two particular areas: stave bending (leading to water leaks at back of the stave) and stave wear (erosion on the hot face). Primetals Technologies have in the past been approached to provide assistance to a number of Blast Furnace operators who were experiencing operational issues with the copper stave furnace cooling systems of others. Through knowledge gained resolving these issues, and with the positive experiences of their own copper stave designs, Primetals Technologies have worked towards developing a new concept in copper stave design capable of providing a more robust solution to cope with the greater productivities of modern ironmaking. This paper will provide an outline to the concepts that have driven the design of this new technology.

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The recovery of tungsten carbide is very important for the worldwide production of machining tools. The low yield in the processing of the minerals, the environmental impact of the mining and the high costs to obtain these metals justify the constant efforts towards their recovery. Most of these tools do not offer the possibility of reconditioning. This study deals with scientific productions aimed at the reprocessing of tungsten and other metals contained in the scrap of cutting tools, made of hard metal, aiming the analysis of the processes in the various recycling routes. We analyzed 40 articles and 40 patents published between 1946 and 2018, concerning the reprocessing of these metals. As a result, relevant characteristics of the studied processes are presented, allowing a quick comparative analysis between them. It is concluded that recycling is feasible because it presents several advantages in relation to the obtained raw material, but improvements are still required for large-scale reprocessing, considering aspects such as risks to the environment and cost reduction.

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This paper describes the productivity project that was carried out over three (3) years with the execution teams of a large steel industry. The goal was to change the productivity of the company's execution teams, from a worrying and discouraging number to close to the benchmark of this indicator in industries of similar size to the industry pictured here. In order to do so, more than 2 (two) thousand measurements were carried out during these years with different types of observations to guarantee the smoothness and assertiveness of the indicator and to understand the opportunities for improvement in the process. The article covers the methodology, results and information that bring to light the great result obtained by the execution teams, the main object of research of this work.

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Industrialized component wastes, regularly discarded by the society, are increasingly contributing to environmental pollution, such as post-consumption packaging glass. A possible solution could be its incorporation into a clay body to fabricate commonly fired ceramics for civil construction. The objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of this waste, up to 30wt.% at different particle sizes, in technological properties of the clayey body used to fabricate bricks and roofing tiles. This glass powder was tested for optical dilatometry. Specimens were uniaxially pressed at 25 MPa and fired at 900°C. The technological properties were evaluated in terms of water absorption, linear shrinkage, and flexural rupture strength. The results indicated that waste incorporation improved both ceramic water absorption and mechanical strength. Finally, this work indicated that clay brick production is a viable and technically advantageous alternative for recycling this type of waste, also bringing real benefits to the quality of ceramics.

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The development of new materials, which combine good mechanical properties, low cost and sustainability has become frequent. In this context, we highlight the development of composites that use natural fibers as reinforcement. These fibers are of great environmental importance because they are biodegradable, inexpensive and found in abundance in nature, as is the case of guaruman (Ischinosiphon koern), a species native to the Amazon region, and frequently found in floodplain regions of the state of Pará. Thus, this work aims to perform a mechanical characterization of polyester matrix composites reinforced by continuous and aligned guarumã fibers. The test specimens were produced in silicone molds meeting the specifications of ASTM D638, to perform tensile strength tests. From the values obtained after the tensile test, it was observed that the addition of the guaruman fibers to the polyester matrix increased the tensile strength value, and the incorporation of 30% by volume of fiber presented the best result. Thus, the polyester matrix composites reinforced with guaruman fibers, have a great potential, when compared to composites that have other natural fibers as reinforcement. .

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The knowledge upon the chemical composition relative to the ladle treatment slag and, thereafter, of its behavior towards the desulfurization of the liquid steel is a fundamental requirement to ensure that the chemical composition of the steel is in accordance to the specified standards of the client. The objective of the present work was comparing the sulfide capacity of the ladle metallurgy slags, foreseen in the equilibrium, calculated by some models of the literature based in the optical basicity and by thermodynamics simulations with the sulfide capacity calculated taking into account the industrial data of 770 production heats of the studied steel - a mechanical construction steel SAE/AISI 1541 Modified, produced in an electric steel mill for long products. The obtained results, however, presented a weak correlation with the industrial data. Thus, it was not possible to determine a satisfactory method for calculating the sulfide capacity on the specified steel.

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Intensive process and technology improvements related to the BOF converter — the key process to increase steel plant productivity and stability — have been performed at Ternium Brazil. This paper details the road map for process developments and investments in equipment technology, as well as the results achieved. The main topics of this development are the process control and optimization systems, slag forming model, oxygen blowing pattern, end-of-blow point control and slag carryover control. The outcomes of this development are improvements in the reblow rate, end-of-blow oxidation, direct tapping, slag carryover, slopping ratio, metallic yield and lining life.

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In the literature, two models of relationships between mechanical strength and microstructural parameters are described: (1) relations between average microstructural parameters and mechanical test indices; and (2) quantification of the most critical pores for mechanical strength, based on certain criteria take into account the size and shape of the pores. In this work, laboratory cokes waere produced by parent coals with large variety of properties. This cokes were characterized by the association of optical microscopy and image analysis techniques. The main models of the literature on the relationship between mechanical strength and microstructural parameters were evaluated. It has been demonstrated that none of the studied relationships can describe the mechanical behavior of cokes produced from high inert components (> 40%). From these results two new approaches have been carried out to obtain models that contemplate such cokes: (1) introduction of a new relationship between mechanical strength and microstructural parameters and (2) a new criteria for classification of regions derived from inert components such as critical to mechanical strength.

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The CoreTemp System offers a new approach of measuring the temperature in molten steel in Electric Arc Furnace (FEA) using tubular metal cable with fiber optic core to perform the temperature measurement. The CoreTemp allows effective and reliable temperature control with fast measurement, application of a man-less and without opening the FEA door, bringing electrical consumption reductions of Tap to Tap.

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The purpose of Sinter plants is to heat iron ore fines along with fluxes and coke fines or coal, to produce a semi-molten mass that solidifies into porous pieces of sinter with the needed size and strength. Fluxes used in the sintering process need to have an appropriate size distribution and TI to avoid generation of fines, which could reduce the productivity of the Sinter. Besides, a homogeneous chemical composition and high absorption characteristics are necessary to control the basicity and to combine the flux with P, S, Si, etc, respectively. PASEK Dunite is an ultramaphic rock exploited in the north of Spain with a basic chemical classification, being olivine and serpentine its principal minerals. It is a very homogeneous and hard stone and its main characteristics are: high hot and cold resistance to mechanical stresses, softening and melting points of a flux not of a refractory material. In addition, due to its mechanical and chemical properties, less fines are generated in the sintering process and during the handling and transportation to the blast furnace, improving the productivity of these processes. In this way, the use of PASEK Dunite allows increasing the homogeneity structure of sinter, reducing the percentage of return fines and improving the Sinter productivity.

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With the sharp fall in commodity prices, the terms cost reduction and higher productivity have become subjects that are constantly addressed in the daily life of companies, since these factors represent a question of survival of the organizations. To achieve this, the search for continuous improvement of our processes in order to guarantee space in the market is a reality and necessity, so it is important that companies know their processes in detail and have the maturity to make decisions based on data and facts. Thus, this work aims to apply the Six Sigma methodology to investigate which are the variables that most influence the transportation process, carried out by large trucks, increasing their specific consumption of diesel, which is the second largest expense of a company. mining in the city of Mariana MG. The goal of the project was to reduce diesel consumption in the large transport fleet by 7.4%, from 0.32 l / t (average carried out from Feb / 16 to Jan / 17) to 0.30 by February 2018 , with an estimated gain of R $ 4.2 million. The results achieved exceeded the established target, reaching a 10% reduction in specific diesel consumption, totaling a projected real gain of R $ 6.4 Million, in addition to the reduction of 1,710.52 t of CO2 in the atmosphere.

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This work studied the effect of different ball sizes in the secondary grinding stage of Samarco. The Moly-Cop Tools 3.01 spreadsheet was used for models calibration and simulations, considering grinding balls topsize of 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35mm diameters. A normal specific selection function up to the largest fed ore particle size (840μm) was obtained. The higher generation of fines and compliance with particle size specifications (+ 74μm and -44μm) proved to be more favorable for smaller ball sizes. The specific energy consumption was lower for the 15mm ball (10.7kWh/t), increasing up to the 35mm ball (13.0kWh/t). Although smaller diameter balls seem to be the best option for the size specifications, some factors may limit their use, such as: the higher generation of specific surface area; and the amount of ball purge in the discharge of the mills.

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In this research, the effects of isothermal treatments at 475ºC in the microstructure and mechanical properties of a lean duplex stainless steel were investigated. Samples of the alloy under conditions as received and aged were analyzed by atomic force microscopy in order to evaluate the technique for the ability to identify aspects that characterize microstructural changes caused by aging. Fracture toughness tests (J x Δa) and fatigue tests (sigma x Nf and da/dN x ΔK) were performed. The results indicate that the αlfa-phase spinodal decomposition occurred. The analysis by atomic force microscopy allowed to identify aspects regarding the preferential phase dissolution and surface texture of the phase α that distinguish the alloy in the as received condition from the aged alloy. As a consequence of the formation of the alfa’ phase, the fracture toughness of the alloy decreased substantially. On the other hand, the fatigue resistance increased significantly.

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This paper aims to apply the Lean Six Sigma methodology in the study of the reduction of edge defects caused by the excess coating on the sheet in a continuous galvanizing line, in which the tools of the DMAIC Define, Measure, Analyze, To control in the search of the reduction of the variability of the process, with the foundation in the theoretical foundation regarding the applied method. This study was carried out in the section of the coating pot and had as objective the reduction of 50% of the defects generated by the equipment and control methods.

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High-chromium cast irons (HCCIs) are used in mining pellet plants as wear plates for protection of transport belts against damages from iron ore pellet transference. In the present work, a high-chromium cast iron (1.9%C, 18.7%Cr) used as wear plate was destabilization of austenite on erosive-abrasive wear resistance of. The wear resistance was evaluated using an impeller drum tribometer (IDT), where iron ore pellets were used as abrasive. The result showed that, after destabilization, secondary carbides are formed and much of austenite transformed into martensite, resulting in a significant increase in the wear resistance of the material.

Abstract:

Digitalization of our industry is bringing new opportunities to further optimize operation including production and maintenance. One of the biggest drivers of this digital wave is the artificial intelligence based on big data in combination with process knowledge and IoT technologies. This paper describes the approach to and the status of implementation of modern digital solutions at Rogesa ironmaking plant. The Rogesa implementation includes L2 automation packages for sinter plant and blast furnace process optimization, deep learning with data-driven models. staves wear monitoring by smart sensors, production KPI monitoring via mobile dashboards, condition-based predictive and prescriptive maintenance for tapping equipment and the slag granulation plant as well as a digital twin of the blast furnace using virtual and augmented reality for the visualization of live data, alarms etc. on a 360° tour through of the plant.

Abstract:

Structural masonry tecnics is a system used since antiquity, getting notoriety from the second half of twentieth century, being used widely nowadays, mostly in countries with high technological level, like European countries and United States. The simplicity in its executive process, quick construction, material waste reduction, resulting in a lower cost of the work as a whole, leads the constructor to choose this method. In this system there are no beams and columns, and the structural function is executed by walls, wich are formed by bricks joined by laying mortar, and diferently of conventional system, the quality control has to be very rigorous, once that small flaws can cause an irreparable damage. Thus, brick and mortar have to work as one to receive and distribute the loads through the structure without cause harms. So, in this work was made a bibliographic research in order to evaluate the influence of laying mortar thickness at masonry prisms with structural brick, for this were searched different authors and were made comparisons between their studies. According the biography, the increase of mortar joints cause a decrease of prism resistance..

Abstract:

Only in Brazil, around 600.000 tons of unserviceable tires were generated in 2018, which, if inappropriately disposed, become a major problem for the environment and public health. An alternative of environmentally adequate disposal for this waste is incorporated in the mortar. This work aims to evaluate the substitution of part of the sand by rubber powder from unserviceable tires in the subfloor mortar. For this purpose, 4 mortars were developed in mass dosage of 1:6 of cement and sand, with one reference mortar and 3 with proportions of 10%, 20% and 30% of substitution. The particle size and unit mass of the aggregates and mass density, incorporated air content, rheology, compression and tensile strength of the mortars were evaluated. The results showed that there is a mechanical strength decrease of mortar as the proportion of rubber in the mixture increases, due to low specific mass of the waste

Abstract:

Geopolymers are inorganic polymers of a new class of materials that have particular characteristics, being geopolymerization reactions of several constituents, as natural raw materials of geological origin containing aluminosilicates. In this work, by means of adapted dosage of the components, the geopolymer cement concrete (CCG) was developed, which was compared with the Portland cement concrete (CCP), by fixing the water / binder ratio. To obtain the metacaulim, it was necessary to calcine the kaolin at a temperature of 850ºC for 2 hours and the residue used was blast furnace slag as the main source of calcium. Preliminary studies of geopolymeric mortars with 7 days of cure were carried out. The best percentage found was 69% sand in mortar. This result was then applied to the study of the Geopolymeric Concrete Cement, later submitted to compression tests at the age of 7 days. The results showed that the GCC reached an average compressive strength of 42 Mpa, in compliance with the initial high strength concrete standard and showing results similar to that of Portland cement concrete. The fracture surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), from the fragments removed from the specimens ruptured in the mechanical assay. The analyzes presented the best adhesion matrix / aggregate in the CCG in comparison to the CCP

Abstract:

The energy absorption in ballistic test of alumina-ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) composites with different concentrations of alumina was investigated. The ballistic tests were carried out at subsonic speed using a compressed air system. The results showed that energy absorbed by a disk of composite increased monotonically with increasing concentration of alumina, but composites with moderate concentrations of alumina are lighter and may be useful for certain applications. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of composites with 90% and 95% alumina showed voids and transgranular, intergranular and ductile fracture.

Abstract:

Oil slicks in water were removed using expanded vermiculite and composites of paraffin wax and nanoparticles of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4), nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) and nickel-zinc ferrite (Ni0,7Zn0,3Fe2O4) in proportions of 13.0wt% and 28.5wt%. The water, oil, and oil/water sorption capacities of vermiculite were investigated. The removal efficiency was determined by measuring the speed of the composite-vermiculite aggregate when it was subjected to the magnetic field of a permanent magnet. The best performance was achieved with a wax composite containing 28.5 wt% of cobalt ferrite.

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The present work consisted of the analysis of a composite based on a polymer matrix made from polyethylene terephthalate (PET), reinforced by geopolymer concrete particles. The samples were analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The composites were developed aiming sustainability and applications in engeineering

Abstract:

Recently the use of multilayer armor systems (MAS) using natural fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites has been studied as a potential candidate for substitution of these same systems that employ synthetic fibers in their structure, such as aramid fiber (KevlarTM). In fact, it has already been shown that a MAS composed of ceramic material as first layer, natural fiber composites as second layer and metal alloy as third have the same ballistic efficiency as those using KevlarTM laminates as second layer. However, when considering other materials such as Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHWP) the low weight associated with the plates combined with ballistic efficiency make these materials preferred for use as a level III personal protection, although the processing of these high cost. Thus, in order to compete with UHWP it is necessary that MASs with natural fiber composites present a decrease in system weight. In the present work, a MAS composed of alumina ceramic as first layer and epoxy matrix composite reinforced with jute fabric as second layer. The objective was to try to optimize the thickness of the first layer and consequently the weight of the system. Jute fiber is one of the most studied natural lignocellulosic fibers (LNFs) and presents an excellent relationship between strength and weight, so it has potential for engineering applications. The thickness of the ceramic layer varied from 10 to 7 mm. Ballistic tests were performed and the indentation depth results were used as a measure of the MAS efficiency. The reduction of the thickness presented results below those foreseen in standard even with 7 mm of first layer, and a reduction in the cost and weight of MAS

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Abstract:

Brazil, as the fourth largest producer of ornamental stones in the world, is used in interior and exterior coatings such as floors and walls. It is also a major emitter of waste from its production processes. The objective of this work is the use of this passive in the production of an artificial rock through the agglomeration of natural aggregates (residue) to a minimized polymer matrix, being this material, of high economic value today. The quarry residues were used for the cutting and polishing of the ornamental rock (beneficiation) and epoxy resin (thermosetting polymer), where a mixture of these materials was selected, under different granulometries, which maximized its density, consequently minimizing the volume of voids interparticular, being this one used for the making of plates in specific equipment. The apparent density of the material developed was 2.34 g / cm³, with water absorption of 0.13% and porosity of 0.31%, the flexural strength was 27.96 MPa. The values found in the tests meet the technical norms and with respect to the natural ornamental rocks, are superior. Therefore, considering the current exploitation in quarries, this one has presented itself a technical and economically viable way of taking advantage of the residues of its productive chain

Abstract:

The incorporation of particulate materials into polymer matrices has become a viable alternative to originate new composite materials, due to several benefits. The objective of this work was to analyze the addition of the kaolinite "in natura" and calcined in a polymer matrix in proportions of 5% and 10% of tailings, in order to discover its changes and to quantify its physical and mechanical properties, comparing the results with literature works. The kaolin waste was subjected to the calcination process, after which the calcined material and the "in natura" were classified in a 100 Mesh sieve for a better uniformity of the particles and then characterized by DRXA composite production was done by manual molding with compression at room temperature and its mechanical properties evaluated and obtained through tensile tests. The results were promising, obtaining approximate and superior values with predicted theorists.

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Abstract:

The AA7075 aluminum alloy is widely used in the industry due: the excellent mechanical properties, low weight and because it is heat-treatable. Its good mechanical resistance properties can be improved when reinforced with ceramic particulate as the niobium carbide (NbC). The start powders of AA7075 alloy were processed in a SPEX type vibrating mill and were sintered in a furnace with nitrogen atmosphere. The composites powders subjected to High Energy Milling (HEBM) were submitted to characterization using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Laser Diffraction Granulometry. The sintered samples were also characterized by Optical Microscopy (OM), SEM and had their microhardness evaluated by the Vickers Microhardness (HV) test. The results allow to evaluate: the success of the Powder Metallurgy (PM) technique due to the homogeneous incorporation of the reinforcement in the AA7075 alloy matrix mainly the powders with milling time of 120 minutes; the microhardness increased when the milling time increased.

Abstract:

Polymer matrix composites hybrid were made by adding 1.5% and 1 % v/v of accelerator and catalyst respectively. Red mud waste with granulometry at 100 mesh was used and metallic fibers. Waste proportion ranged from 0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 % and 20 % by weight and the fiber fixed at 5% by mass. We followed the manufacturing process of manual lamination lay-up. Subjected to physical tests (WA, AP and BD) NBR 12766/1992, flammability (ASTM D 635), mechanical tests flexure (ASTM D 790) and traction (ASTM D 3039). With the increase of the compositions, the physical properties have increased. The composites showed a flame retardation capacity, and the composite of LV 20 % FM 5 % presented better performance. The best mechanical results for flexure and traction were the LV 20% FM 5 %, waste composite, with a mean strength of 70.61 MPa for flexure and 23,98 MPa on average for traction.

Abstract:

This study aims to incorporate residue generated from the lamination process of the flat glass’ production into epoxy matrixes by producing artificial stones, in order to obtain a national material fit for civil construction applications, providing therefore an ecological and economical alternative product. Firstly, the best-packed granulometric composition was determined. Vacuum, vibration and compression were applied for the production of the specimens. They were also tested for physical properties, flexural strength, abrasive wear and submitted to Scanning Electron Microscope analysis. The artificial stones presented mechanical properties within the expected range and physical properties fit for facade coating, making it suitable for medium traffic applications

Abstract:

Seeking the reuse of solid residues, the present work produced polymeric resin compounds using the industrial residue of Red Mud, from the mining company Hydro Alunorte (Pará), with its mechanical properties of flammability. The granulometries employed were 0, 100 and 200 mesh, with proportions of 10% and 20% for each. Isophthalic unsaturated polyester resin was used, coupled to the initiator and the Cobalt accelerator in proportions of 1 % and 1,5 %, in v/v, respectively. The manual method “hand lay up” was used to manufacture the composites in metal molds. Traction, physical and flamel retardance tests were performer according to ASTM D 3039, NBR 12766 and ASTM D 635, respectively. The results of the traction resistance were satisfactory as the granulometry decreased, the best with the composition of 10 % 100# reaching 40.35 MPa of resistance. The flame resistance was also beneficially influenced by decreasing the granulometry, and the lowest burning rate that was made with the composition of 20 % 200# 16,16 mm/min. The results of the physical tests (PA, AA, MEA) varied according to the proportions and granulometry.

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Abstract:

The replacement of synthetic fibers to natural fibers has been the subject of intense research, particularly when applied in composites. In this work, the tucum fibers (Bactris setosa), typical of the Amazon Region, were investigated as reinforcement of the epoxy polymer matrix. The composites prepared with different volume fractions (20 and 40%) of tucum fiber were characterized for Izod impact and ballistic impact energy absorption by .22 ammunition. The results showed that the composite with 40% of tucum fiber presented an increase of 86% in the average absorption of Izod impact energy in relation to the composite with 20% vol of tucum, however, it exhibited worse ballistic performance.

Abstract:

The geopolymer materials are obtained by the alkaline activation of aluminosilicate sources. Also called geopolymers; have high mechanical strength, chemical inertia and can be manufactured from a number of by-products in the industry. In this work the geopolymer samples were produced by the alkaline activation with NaOH of blast furnace slag (EAF) with addition by weight of 3%, 4% and 5% of nióbia (Nb2O5). The geopolymer samples were produced in different solid to liquid ratios by adopting the ratio by weight with values of 1.2; 1.4 and 1.6. The study was based on the analysis of the apparent porosity by the Archimedes method, as well as the analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), through which it was possible to observe the surface, microstructure, interfacial interface of the sintered aluminosilicates hybrids, and finally the processability of sustainable materials, as in the case of blast furnace slag geopolymers. The research demonstrated the feasibility of the sintering process of geopolymers for possible application as engineering material. The specimens produced reached dimensional stability and variable porosity. The material presented a great possibility, with potential to be used as a good gas and liquid adsorption medium, besides several applications, such as thermal and acoustic coating, since the processed product is a ceramic material.

Abstract:

The study was carried out by production of conductive polymer films from the dispersion of magnetic particles of manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) or zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) in the polymer matrix of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) by polymerization in situ of the methyl methacrylate monomer (MMA). The type of polymerization used was in bulk, with the purpose of obtaining materials that enabled the manufacture of materials for use in devices.

Abstract:

Polyester resin composites were fabricated using aluminum residue to evaluate the behavior of this material to physical, mechanical and flammability characterization. Plates were made using the hand lay-up method for compositions in weight of 0 %, 10 %, 20 % and 30 % particulate of the dispersed phase, which was beneficiated in a 100 mesh sieve. The resin used was the isophthalic unsaturated polyester, and in the reaction, the cobalto (1,5 % v/v) accelerator and the initiador MEK-P (1 % v/v). Tests were carried out for physical characterization according to NBR 12766, mechanical characterization according to ASTM D 3039 and flame resistance in accordance with ASTM D 635. The physical tests established variant values based on the proportion of aluminum particles in the matrix. The tensile strength showed values as inversely proportional to the increase of the load in the matrix, being compared with other literature in order to establish the variation of tensile strength according to the fractions. The composite showed characteristics of flame retardancy in the termal analysis test, having a reduction of 95.53 % compared to the resolution CONTRAN 675, allowing its use as a material resistant to burning.

Abstract:

Brazil is one of the most consuming countries of coconut water, which generates high levels of coconut residue from which the coconut fibers can be extracted. The treatment via mercerization using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is widely used in natural fibers, since it tends to provide a better interfacial interaction between the fiber and the polymer matrix. In this sense, the present work aims to analyze the effects obtained in the coconut fiber after the mercerization process with 3% NaOH. The FTIR, water absorption and SEM analyzes were performed on fresh and treated coconut fibers. The results obtained by the FTIR analysis indicated the partial removal of lignin and hemicellulose present in coconut fiber; the water absorption analysis showed that in the mecerizadas fibers the absorption rate was greater than in natura and that tends to be higher with the passage of time; and the analysis of MEV allowed to observe the disaggregation of fibrils in microfibrils. Therefore, the presented data suggest the effectiveness of the mecerização process, due to the increase of the superficial reactivity.

Abstract:

Composite materials have increasingly found industrial applications because of their strength/weight ratio, their high structural performance and low cost to be produced. However, with the increase of the production of these materials the disposal in landfills also increases, since its recycling is complex. It is known that a route for the recycling of the glass fiber reinforced orthophthalic polyester resin composite can be made via heating in an inert atmosphere. Thermogravimetry, Derivative Thermogravimetry, Differential Thermal Analysis and Mass Spectrum was carried out to determine the by-products from the degradation of this material. The equipment was used to heat the material to 450 ° C under a nitrogen atmosphere. The polyester resin after 425 ° C is totally degraded, leaving only the glass fiber that can be reused. Among other substances, styrene, a great value component as a recycled material, was obtained.

Abstract:

The aim of this work is according to the feasibility of replacing the ABNT2224 aluminum alloy, the main rotor blade material of the Robinson R22 Beta II helicopter by ABNT 7075 aluminum alloy or polymer matrix and carbon fiber reinforcement unidirectional composite, in order to evaluate the increasing of the useful life, mechanical resistances and costs reduction. In the longitudinal and transversal sections aluminum alloys, ABNT 2224 and 7075, were used to perform the metallographic analysis and Vickers hardness with micro loading. Afterwards there were made test specimens for tensile tests for aluminum alloys, ABNT 2224 and 7075, flexure and impact for aluminum alloy ABNT 7075 in order to obtain its mechanical characteristics. It was possible to observe similarity in the hardness values of 140 HV0,2kg in average and a resistance limit of 330MPa- 340MPa, but there was a divergence in the yield limit values considering the change. It has concluded that in relation to mechanical properties, hardness and cost reduction the replacement of ABNT 2224 aluminum alloy by ABNT 7075 aluminum alloy is feasible. Unidirectional composites of 3mm and 4,5mm thickness were laminated, and after that specimen test, the same tests had been done for traction, flexure and impact as well as for aluminum alloys. It was possible to observe elastic modulus values, resistance limits higher than the aluminum alloys values, but when comparing them of absorbed energy in the impact test it was possible to observe lower values, the substitution is feasible if the blade is impacted lower values than obtained.

Abstract:

This paper evaluated the effectiveness of the solution thermal treatment on NiTi alloy with 58.5at.% Ni compared to equiatomic composition alloy, obtained by vacuum arc remelting (VAR). The solution was carried out at 950 ° C on uncontrolled atmosphere furnace with 2 h soaking time, followed by rapid cooling in water at room temperature. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy images were analyzed after metallographic preparation of the cast and solutioned samples, as well as quantification of the second phase by optical micrographs analysis. The mechanical properties were evaluated by Vickers microhardness test. The thermal treatment imposed resulted in morphological alterations at equiatomic alloy and it was not possible to verify the complete dissolution of the precipitates at alloy with high Ni content. It was observed decrease of hardness with the solution at NiTi equiatomic and increase at Ni58.5at.%-Ti41.5at.% alloy. Thus, to obtain an optimal solution of the alloys, a greater soak time is required.

Abstract:

The aim of the present study was to evaluate, by rotary bending fatigue tests, the fatigue resistance of two different NiTi alloys under strain-controlled testing condition at 25°C. Besides that, the mechanical, thermal and structural properties of the wires were characterized by DSC, XRD, SEM/EDX and tensile tests. The results revealed that both materials were superelastic at room temperature and therefore presented an austenitic matrix and full shape recovery in load/unloading tests in tension. One of the samples has an oxide covered surface whilst the other has passed through a step of surface finishing. Also, it was determined that both materials are Ti-rich. Despite the similar properties, sample 1 presented 77 cycles to failure, while sample 2 resisted 1827 cycles.

Abstract:

This work aimed to understand the microstructural characteristics of a Ni-rich NiTi alloy hot deformed in the rotary forging process, which were subjected to the process with different preheating temperatures (800 and 950 ºC) without and with previous annealing heating treatment (950 ºC during 2 hours) for ingot homogenization. Through the aspects of microstructural evolution verified with the aid of the Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction techniques could observed that adoption of the previous annealing heating treatment and increase of the preheating temperature in the steps of hot rotary forging, led to the most satisfactory to the thermomechanical processing to be applied in this alloy in order to following cold deformations steps.

Abstract:

In this work, samples of NiTi alloy with composition of 50,9% at Ni underwent by a superficial laser treatment Nd:YAG. The objective of this work was to modify the surface of the samples to compare the mean roughness parameter (Ra) between the samples that underwent laser pulse interaction and the sample that did not underwent by the superficial laser treatment, since for some biomedical applications the surface of the material needs to be rough. For this purpose, the laser was used in conditions of different feed speeds. The sample treated with the lowest speed of laser feed, of 12.5 cm.s-1, presented a higher roughness (Ra of 210 nm) due to the longer contact time of the beam with the surface of the sample and, moreover, formation of oxides on the surface of the sample.

Abstract:

Graphene oxide was synthesized and later reduced by the use of vitamin C, for the verification of results were used the techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy (RS). In the graphene oxide synthesis step the XRD evaluated the effective oxidation of the graphite precursor while the SEM observed the exfoliation, for the reduction, the XRD and the ER analyzed the removal of the functional groups, while the MEV evaluated the purity of the material.

Abstract:

The development of magnetic nanoparticles has received considerable attention from researchers due to their potential application in different technological fields, especially in microelectronics and medicine. Nanoparticulate magnetite is particularly attractive for these purposes because it exhibits superparamagnetic behavior, biocompatibility and oxidation resistance. In this study the synthesis of nanoparticles was evaluated by coprecipitation. For this, the influence of Fe+2/Fe+3 molar ratio and NaOH concentration variation on particle nucleation and precipitation was observed. If possible, determine the best parameters to obtain them and guarantee their properties. For the structural verification, the characterization of the samples was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The molar ratio of Fe+2/Fe+3 was shown to be an important variable, in very small ratios the result obtained was goethite, while the synthesis from the 0.5 ratio was observed only the magnetite. And the variation of the OH- concentration had influence in the size of the nucleated particles, in which smaller particles were obtained in more basic means.

Abstract:

The fretting-corrosion mechanism in the stem-head and stem-cement interface generate metallic debris and ions, that can increase the incidence of adverse events, as a failure of the implants or adverse tissue reactions. This has motivated several authors to investigate the causes of this mechanism in hip prosthesis. The present work aims to identify which interface, stem-head or stem-cement, is the most affected by the fretting-corrosion mechanism, as well as the causes of this mechanism and the difference of damage between the interfaces through in vitro and in silico analysis. Four pairs of femoral stems and heads were evaluated, three pairs for in vitro analysis and one pair for 3D reconstruction and in silico analysis. The in vitro analysis, fretting-corrosion testing, and damage analysis, allowed to identify that the stem body was the surface most affected by fretting-corrosion mechanism, with an affected area higher than the trunnion surface. The in silico allows to identify that the micromotion in the stem-cement interface was higher than at the stem-head interface. This high micromotion tends to increase the damage by fretting-corrosion. The results showed that the damage by fretting-corrosion was higher in the stem-cement interface, possibly caused by the higher micromotion in the interface.

Abstract:

I In the present study, a flange fractured in service was analyzed in the region of section change between the face and the threaded shaft. In the analysis of failures were performed chemical analysis, macroscopic analysis, analysis of scanning electron microscopy and metallography. The results demonstrated that the fracture occurred due to fatigue due to the flexural load stimulated by a change in curvature

Abstract:

The present work had the objective of discovering the root cause that led to the failure of tension armor wires of a submarine umbilical during fatigue tests, besides to understand the dynamics of the failure. The wires were previously divided into groups according to fracture aspect: fragile, ductile and with cut. For examine the fractures, macroscopic analyzes and microstructural analyzes were performed on planes contained in the region of fracture initiation. The investigation strategy adopted was to identify the relationship between cuts and fractures, to observe whether the cuts occurred before or after the tests, to examine whether there was plastic deformation by twist from the fabrication and to verify the existence of metallurgical failures in the selected wires that promoted the beginning of the fault. It was verified that there wasn't plastic twist and that the failure of the wires occurred due to fatigue associated with mechanical cutting marks present in most of the wires in a systematic way, causing the progressive reduction of the resistant section of the armature until its total collapse.

Abstract:

This study aims to present a simplified evolutionary methodology for the preparation of umbilical armor wires samples for fatigue tests, considering the importance of these tests to guarantee umbilical reliability and the complexity of the recent applied methodologies. Wire of 5,5 mm diameter made of medium carbon steel, highly deformed in the cold and protected by a zinc layer, was the object of the study. The proposed procedure was based on the effect of stress concentration due to the surface finishing, and was to improve the finishing of the wire ends, besides controlling the clamping pressure imposed by the machine claws. The application of the methodology proposed in the study resulted in fractures of the samples within the measurement base. The surface factor has a large effect on high hardness alloys, and consequently the end regions of the specimens had greater fatigue strength than the central region, provided the clamping pressure of the claws was not excessive. Additionally, the methodology for the comparison between fatigue strength of wires without and with circumferential welding was applied. Welded wires showed lower fatigue strength than weldless wires.

Abstract:

Beer is the most consumed alcoholic beverage in the world. The market is increasingly looking for differentiated and even exclusive products, so the innovation of servers. This project aims to develop a device to facilitate the process of serving beer. The implementation of the server in the SolidWorks software was done to simulate the ideal measurements, and through these measures, it was simulated in the program Adams - The Multibody Dynamics Simulation Solution, where applying a force of 20 N (Newtons), was obtained the behavior of angular velocities in degrees / sec in the device. Through the result of GDL = 1, it was observed that with only one force application it is possible to move the device.

Abstract:

STRUCTURAL STEELS ARE STEELS WITH ENOUGH INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY, SINCE THEY HAVE GOOD MECHANICAL RESISTANCE AND EASY SOLIDABILITY. THE APPLICATIONS ARE TURNED TO VARIOUS AREAS AS: NAVAL, PETROCHEMICAL, PIPELINES, CIVIL CONSTRUCTION AMONG OTHERS. THE IMPORTED TUBULAR WIRE IS ALREADY USED IN WELDING PROCESSES OF THE INTERNAL ASSEMBLY OF A SUBMARINE, A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN THE IMPORTED AND NATIONAL WIRE WOULD BE OF GREAT VALUE FOR COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES. HOWEVER THIS WORK HAS THE OBJECTIVE OF THE MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF STRUCTURAL STEEL MATERIAL GRADE S355NL WELDED BY THE FCAW PROCESS WITH NATIONAL TUBULAR WIRE, AIMED TO ANALYZE ITS MICROGRAPHIES AND MACROGRAPHIES, AS WELL AS MECHANICAL AND CORROSION PROPERTIES.

Abstract:

Superalloys are nickel, iron-nickel or cobalt-based metal alloys used in industry when materials with better properties than conventional alloys are needed, from cryogenic to high temperatures. A-286 superalloy is a material capable of combining good corrosion resistance and excellent mechanical properties, especially at high temperatures, which guarantees its importance to the most diverse areas of Engineering. The aim of this paper was study the properties of an A-286 superalloy using the Confocal Microscopy technique for surface evaluation, in which roughness measurements were performed in addition to its topography, Optical Microscopy for microstructural analysis of the material, scanning electron microscopy for surface and compositional analysis and the Ellipsometry technique to obtain the optical properties of the surface. Through the low values found for roughness and topography survey, an excellent finish and good flatness on the surface of the samples was evidenced; the optical microscopy revealed the microstructure of an austenitic matrix with the presence of inclusions, while scanning electron microscopy allied to the EDS technique, the chemical composition of the superalloy was determined. Finally, through the ellipsometry technique, the ellipsometric parameters tan(Ψ) and cos(Δ) were obtained.

Abstract:

Microalloyed steels are used in the oil and automotive industry, due to the suitable mechanical properties achieved even with little additions of alloying element such as niobium and molybdenum. For the maximum performance, these elements are introduced to favor the ferritic-bainitic structures formation. Niobium act in the grain refinement. However, recent researches show grain refinement can hinder bainitic formation. Therefore, this paper aims to evaluate the niobium and molybdenum effect in the microalloyed steels. Two steels bars with variation in the niobium and molybdenum content were forged. Quenching and tempering treatments were conducted and through tempering curve the maximum hardness temperature was identified. The samples in this condition were used for traction, wear tests and microstructural characterization. Thermodynamic simulations were also made to appraise the precipitates formation. The results showed increasing the niobium content produce better mechanical properties. This indicates the grain refinement effect and the niobium carbide precipitation are most important in the mechanical properties than the increase in bainite sheaves obtained with the molybdenum addition.

Abstract:

Carbon, galvanizedand stainless steels are common in pulp and paper mills, especially in the recovery boiler environments. The recovery environment may have some factors that can cause an acceleration in the corrosion of these metals as high pH, presence of chlorides and sulfides and oxygen dissolved and vapor condensate. Therefore, the present work has a characterization of 1020 carbon, hot and galvanized steel 304 in a recovery environment. Optical, confocal, scanning electron (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and microhardness parameters, it was not necessary to verify that the carbon and galvanized steels are uniform corrosion, and three materials of the middle oxidizing in the middle studied, the middle carbon, beyond a minimum hardness. It has already been created a resistance to corrosion with greater intensity of layer of oxide of oxide of greater resistance in relation to the others. Therefore, stainless steels are most commonly used in recovery boiler environments.

Abstract:

The AISI 310 austenitic stainless steels are commonly used in continuous or intermittent services in high temperature and oxidizing atmospheres. The usefulness of this alloy at high temperatures is due to its high corrosion resistance, high mechanical strength, resistance to creep and thermal fatigue, as well as high fracture toughness. However, the literature indicates the probability of occurrence of deleterious phases such as sigma phase (σ) and chromium carbides (CrxCy). They may cause serious sensitization, due to nucleation of these phases in the grain boundaries, which is intensified for longer times and higher temperatures. This work aims to investigate the microstructural changes that may occur in the AISI 310 stainless steel when heat treated in ambient atmosphere for 1 hour at temperatures in the range of 500 to 900 °C. The samples were analyzed by optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction, for the evaluation of the phases and microstructures, especially those that have the potential to cause failure to equipment using this stainless steel as base material.

Abstract:

It was made failure analysis and metallurgical characterization on filter bolts of derivative valve air, used in offshore plataform. Stress corrosion cracking mechanism was identified (SCC). The bolts were manufactured from austenitic stainless steel annealed bar. The thread fillets and head bolt were manufactured by cold deformation. The average hardness at the center of the bolt was 201 HV and 296 HV in fillet root. Alternatives to reduce the incidence of future failure are the utilization of more resistant to SCC steel alloys, reduce the preload of the bolts and use suitable seal to avoid contact of the regions more stressed of the bolt with the corrosive environment.

Abstract:

The present work deals with a fault analysis on a blade sheet of a calcination component. This plate was made with a cold rolling process and a stainless steel, during the performance of its function was subjected to traction and flexion, the mechanisms that caused the fatigue. Therefore, a failure analysis was performed, which consists of a fatigue fracture after a plastic process. The hardness test found the value of 435 HV from the cold manufacturing process. In addition, a sheet has overheated fracture images.

Abstract:

In the present study, the failure of an axis used for torque transmission in ore mills was analyzed. The techniques of crack surface analysis, metallography, chemical analysis and microhardness tests were applied. The crack began in a groove near the comer between the inner diameter and the face of the tube constituting the egg axis. This groove may be a result of localized grinding or welding. Microstructural transformation of martensite occurred due to the thermal contribution at the groove site, which weakened the material and favored cracking. The recovery process by welding in the crack region is an alternative for large structures and difficult to replace, although we emphasize that the recovery will hardly produce the same mechanical properties of the original axis

Abstract:

The microstructure of metallic material influence the mechanical behaviour of the product. However, the standards ISO 5832-4 and ASTM F75, that contain the requirements of Cobalt-Chromium-Molybdenum Alloy Castings for surgical implants, don’t specify the acceptable microstructure. The aim of the current work is evaluating the microstructure influence in the premature failure of a femoral stem manufacturer in cobalt-chromium-molybdenum casting alloy. The stem fractured during the in vitro testing. After this, the stem was sectioned to material characterization and fractography analyze. The material of the stem was accorded with the requirements of ISO 5832-4 and ASTM F75 standard in relation to chemical composition, microstructure and hardness. The fracture occurred by fatigue mechanism, with evidences of micromechanism of fatigue with cleavage in about 50% of the area fractured. Were detected secondary cracks with inclusions close, possible carbides M23C6. The high amount of carbides probably was the cause of failure, due to generate intern stress fields that facilitate the nucleation and propagation of microcracks. The results indicate the need to include, in the associated technical standards, specifications to microstructure of cobalt-chromium-molybdenum casting alloy, aiming to ensure a greater safety of femoral stems.

Abstract:

Situations in which welded structures of stainless steels show failures and / or loss of important properties should be uncommon since, according to the literature, stainless steels have good weldability and only require special care to avoid defects. In view of this, this work intends to list the probable causes that may have led to cracking of a stainless steel device through the characterization of the microstructures, for which a sample was taken from a segment of a device from a gas pipeline in which were identified during routine maintenance. Using microstructure analysis including testing, penetrating liquids, cutting and sample preparation for optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy. The observations of the sample allow the identification of the constituents, as well as the variation in the composition and morphology of the microstructures of the regions near and far from the crack, as well as the presence of pores that can be associated to the welding process in the fault region. The results indicate several failures in important steps in the manufacture of the device which may have contributed to the appearance of the crack.

Abstract:

The present work deals with the application of a new conditional predictive maintenance technique, using infrared thermography, to monitor the life of the vertical windmill propellers of the Minas-Rio project, presenting an innovative inspection method, where a a thermographic behavior standard that indirectly defines the condition of wear of the propeller linings, thus being able to define the ideal moment for the replacement of the linings, guaranteeing the reliability of the equipment, the budgeted cost and the performance of the coating. Currently we have established a monitoring routine applying the technique of thermographic inspection, where from the collected data a report is generated that defines for PCM the ideal sequence for changing the coatings.

Abstract:

This article presents the asset management methodology applied to wear materials through conditional monitoring in critical equipment such as ball mills and roller presses in order to guarantee the agreed physical availability and to remain sustainable. Through Conditional Monitoring we can efficiently define the ideal moment for intervention in the equipment. In the ultrasonic test sound waves with frequencies above 20 kHz generated from an electronic device are sent through the test material. In the total or partial interruption of these waves due to internal discontinuity points of the part one part is reflected and another is refracted. The analysis of the reflected plots provides information between the final surface of the coating of the body of the coated equipment. With the application of this predictive technique, we are collecting significant results in relation to the predictability of maintenance, seeking greater efficiency of the coating guaranteeing the budgeted cost and the reliability of the equipment, to reach the annual production goal of 26.5 million tons.

Abstract:

The main goal of this study is the use of processes for a quick evaluation and diagnosis of metallic materials mixtures in steel companies, bring an efficient and better control of the company inventory. In order to reach the study goals, spark tests were carried out on four types of steel, cast iron and brass, where their main spark characteristics were analyzed, aiming the optimization in the separation of these metallic materials. The methodology is proved to be an important tool because the results of materials separation presented to be efficiently, speedily and reliably. In this way, there is a better understanding and reliability of the spark processes to be use in the diagnose of separate mixtures of metallic materials in steel companies’ inventories.

Abstract:

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) have been used for oxidation protection in hot sections of gas turbine engines components. One technique that has been investigated to increase the live time and working temperature of these components is the laser remelted on TBC. The aim of this work was the investigation of different CO2 laser parameters for remelting of the TBC yttria-stabilized zirconia on Ti-6Al-4V substrate. The samples were analyzed by optical microscopy and, after comparative examination, the chosen parameters were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis and discontinuous oxidation and, finally, the sample that obtained the best result was characterized by optical profilometry and X-ray diffraction. Laser treatments with energy density of 1.05 J/mm2 and 2.47 J/mm2 showed more uniform layers and smaller amounts of surface defects, with a treated layer thickness of ~35 μm and ~56 μm, respectively. The sample remelted with 1.05 J/mm2 presented better oxidation resistance, with a considerable reduction of the surface roughness and an increase of t'-phase, which is phase that provides a higher tenacity to the ceramic layer; indicating a promising treatment to improve the mechanical behavior of the alloy with TBC at high temperatures.

Abstract:

This paper is aimed at the chemical stripping and cold rolling (PLTCM) processes, whose main objective is to characterize and classify the surface dirt defect (0SUJ) in the roller equipment by means of qualitative and quantitative methods. In this way, all the imperfections that may be present on the surface of the steel sheet are understood as surface defects. In this way, all the imperfections that may be present on the surface of the steel sheet are understood as surface defects. However, as the focus of this experiment is 0SUJ, it will be restricted to the main generating points in the sections of the studied process, that is, presence of particles agglomerated and adhered to the surface of the strip, resulting from printing the of during rolling.

Abstract:

Transparent Conductive Oxide (TCO) is a semiconductor and an important component in many transparent electronics such as flat panel monitors, light emitting diodes, thin film transistors, thin film solar cells and etc. (Ohta et al. Levy et al., 2008, Park et al., 2009). The TCOs have optical transparency greater than 80% in the visible region and low electrical resistance (around 10-4 - 10-3 Ω.cm). Among the various thin films of TCO are tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) which has been viable for a long time. However, recently many researchers have been working on developing a substitute for the ITO because the Indian is a rare and expensive element, making the cost of producing ITO very high. Thus, impurities-doped zinc oxide (ZnO) films have been an alternative candidate for ITO because, unlike ITO, ZnO is a non-toxic, inexpensive, abundant material and is chemically stable. In addition, it has a gap energy of 3.3 eV, low resistivity, high transparency, high transparency in the visible range and good light capture characteristics

Abstract:

With the development of new technology and great environmental concern, new sustainable processes capable of generating a lower environmental impact have been evaluated. In this field is the nanoceramic treatment as substitution for treatment of the steel surface by means of the phosphatization. The phosphating process presents in its composition metals classified as dangerous, consuming high level of water, energy and gas. The nanoceramic process is free of heavy metals, reduces the consumption of resources and has less processing time under the substrate.

Abstract:

This paper focus on the production’s viability of equiatomic NiTi alloy and ternary Ti44-Ni47- Nb9 alloy, which has shape memory, based on Ti, Ni and Nb elemental powders, using conventional sintering based on the literature. The process started with a simple mix in ball mill, pressing and conventional sintering with argon flow and under 1050 °C per 4 hours, with 10 °C/min heating rate, and finally freezing with furnace thermal inertia. The analysis of macrostructural results shows more pores for the ternary alloy. On the other hand, the results of the scanning electron microscopy, in addition to the results of the X-ray diffraction, show that both alloys have homogeneous microstructure with a metallic matrix based on NiTi, in addition to precipitates (Ni3Ti2 and Ti2Ni) and oxides (Ti2O) formation in both alloys and TiNb precipitates on the ternary alloy, but without pure Nb on its structure.

Abstract:

This work has the general objective to use a powder of aluminum with high purity and low granulometry, to obtain good mechanical properties in conventional and plasma assisted sintered samples. A powder with a very low amount of impurities that could affect the compaction and sintering conditions was chosen. A compressibility curve of this powder was obtained experimentally to find out its ideal compaction pressure. After compaction, the compacts were sintered in a conventional process with a positive pressure of Nitrogen and in a vacuum nitrogen plasma assisted process. The obtained samples were investigated for densification, hardness, microstructure and surface roughness. In both processes the sintering was effective. The plasma process was able to produce the lowest reduction of densification and the highest surface hardness in the samples. The conventional process was able to produce the highest internal hardness and the lowest surface roughness in the samples.

Abstract:

IN result of the continuED development of science and technology, the materials used in large industries are available with features. As metal alloys they work with a harmonization of two or more elements, combining their properties and obtaining a more effective product. Therefore, this work aims to produce and study a program that meets the needs of industries, mainly, such as transportation and aerospace, an Aluminum-Copper (AA-Cu) AA 2014 alloy, also known as Duralumin. They were made with samples of copper, they are: Al4% Cu, Al5% Cu and samples of Al 1100, without addition of copper, for comparative purposes. The alloy was produced by Powder Metallurgy (MP) techniques. The powders were processed through the High Energy Grinding (MAE) in SPEM, after being compacted uniaxially in the cold and sintered in a muffle furnace. The samples were evaluated by the Vickers Microhardness test, not qualifying as the dose increase is directly proportional to the amount of copper present in the samples. Also, they were submitted to the Optical Microscopy test for the characterization of the alloys, where the microstructures and morphology of the grains were evaluated.

Abstract:

Competitiveness in the manufacturing market is increasingly intense and the requirement to produce components with complex shapes and extremely high performance has led to the development of new materials and manufacturing processes. Therefore, by combining the advantages of the forging process and powder metallurgy, the sinter forging process has been gaining more and more space in the world industry. This process, developed 5 decades ago, makes it possible to obtain components with higher performance to those produced by other manufacturing processes. Thus, the study aims to present this modern technology with great potential, elucidating the main factors that involve the process and exposing recent research on the subject.

Abstract:

Currently the technology industry is constantly looking to reduce the size and weight of its products, which is possible only by reducing the internal components of these electronic devices, the capacitors are an example of this. The tantalum capacitor presents a high specific capacitance, allowing to store large amount of energy in small volume when compared with the other types of capacitors. Before the difference in availability between Niobium (Nb) and Tantalum, as well as the similarity in the properties of these elements, it is increasingly attempted to substitute niobium powder for the application of electrolytic capacitors. Obtaining the Nb powder having downsizing of particle and high purity can occur, for example, through the Hydrogenation-Dehydrogenation (HDH) process. In this work the hydrogenation of the Nb powder at temperatures of 800 and 850 ° C was carried out to weaken the particles and then the same powder was subjected to grinding. Powder characterizations were performed by means of SEM and particulometry analyzes, thus ensuring that hydrogenation followed by milling provided a reduction in the average particle size of approximately 86%, thus concluding that it was a viable method for the increase the surface area of Nb powder, improving the electrical properties of the electrolytic capacitors produced by powder metallurgy.

Abstract:

Several materials are currently used for the production of electrical contacts, heat sinks and coils with characteristics similar to those of the Nb and Cu alloy studied in this work. The phase diagram of Nb and Cu shows that there is no solubility at room temperature between these two elements, thus making it difficult to form a refractory metal composite between these two elements, and due to this reason, the powder metallurgy was the route of processing used to perform this work. Nb and Cu powders containing 15% by mass of Cu and then ground by MAE in a planetary mill were prepared for 5 hours (without cryogenicity) and 26 hours (cryogenic). Thus, the objective of this work is to analyze by MEV FEG and EBSD, the influence of the grinding route and the sintering pressure on the hardness of the samples consolidated by SPS (Spark Plasma Sintering) at a temperature of 1100 ° C, for a possible application in electrical contacts. The highest hardnesses were for the bodies consolidated from the powders which were crushed through cryogenics for 26 hours and sintered with higher sintering pressure. These results are in agreement with the results of EBSD obtained

Abstract:

The present work aims to study the structural behavior of the metal matrixes 25%Fe-50%Cu-25%NbH obtained by hot pressing due to different sintering temperatures. The metallic powders were mixed and then hot-pressed, with the following sintering parameters: 35MPa, 3min and 750°C/850°C/950°C. The sintered materials were analyzed by SEM and EDS to evaluate the microstructure resulting from the process of sintering metal matrix and the effectiveness of the sintering between Fe, Cu and NbH elements. The results showed Fe, Cu and Nb phases and a heterogeneous distribution, with no occurrence of segregation in the material. As the sintering temperature increased, a higher interaction between the Fe, Cu and Nb elements was observed, especially in the grain boundaries through in-line EDS microanalysis. The SEM technique is advantageous for morphological, topographic and observation of regions with different chemical compositions due to the atomic weight. In microanalysis by EDS, the results are semiquantitative and semiqualitative and may indicate the presence of stoichiometry related to the presence of a possible phase (microanalysis point) that can be confirmed with X-ray diffraction analysis.

Abstract:

It is desired to analyze the porosity, pore geometry and grain growth in AISI 316L steel compacted under different pressures in order to evaluate the densification of the samples sintered and to evaluate the influence of these parameters in the tests of apparent hardness and microhardness. AISI 316L steel sintering was carried out in a plasma reactor using the hollow cathode technique under an argon atmosphere, with a sintering time of 30 minutes and an apparent isotherm temperature of 730 °C. Samples were previously cold compacted at different pressures (555MPa, 655MPa, 700MPa, 750MPa and 800MPa) using a double-effect unidirectional matrix. After metallographic preparation, the porosity of the samples were evaluated, grain growth for samples compacted at different pressures were compared, and tests of apparent hardness and microhardness were performed. The results showed that compressed samples at higher pressures presented geometry of spherical pores, smaller and better distributed along the sintered ones. This effect influenced the growth of the grains, the results of apparent hardness and microhardness.

Abstract:

Scandium, like other rare earths, is considered a critical metal, due to Chinese control in production and low possibility of substitution. As a result, it is necessary to search for different sources for this metal. The main source of scandium in the world are the residue from the Bayer process - red mud. For this reason, the present work has the objective of the study of the extraction of metals by hydrometallurgical route. FactSage 7.2 software was used to study the solid phases that can be obtained during leaching. Results showed a correlation between scandium and zirconium extraction with iron leaching, which may indicate that some of these metals are trapped by the crystalline iron structures in the residue. DRX analyzes were in agreement with the simulations carried out, which indicates that it can be an important tool in the leaching study. Still, the results were simulated to those found in the literature.

Abstract:

The flow curve of a material is indispensable for determination of working conditions in metal forming processes. It can be determined from several mechanical tests such as tensile, torsion and compression tests under several conditions which depend on the characteristics of application of the material. Herein, the test of compression of stacked discs is presented. The tool called warm cup are designed and heated to the same temperature of the samples raising the test at the quasi-isothermal condition.

Abstract:

Recycling of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) is a worldwide challenge and has become a critical environmental issue. Printed Circuit Boards (PCB), which are composed of toxic materials as well as base and noble metals, constitute about 5% of the total electronic scrap generated. Solvent Extraction (SX) is one of the most widely used separation techniques due to its simplicity, fast kinetics and low environmental impact. In this sense, the objective of the current work was to present a critical review on the subject and to describe cases in which SX was applied in the selective separation of copper from liquors produced during PCB leaching. The applied set-up comprised four main steps: (i) identification, (ii) search, (iii) selection and (iv) analysis. From the searches, a volume of 17,297 articles were retrieved, and only eight (8) papers were considered relevant for the current research. In summary, among the selected studies, it was observed that with copper recoveries higher than 90% in two or three separation stages.

Abstract:

Duplex stainless steels have good mechanical properties and excellent intergranular corrosion resistance, which makes them suitable in hazardous environments and used mainly in the chemical and petrochemical industry. The objective of this work is to trace the amount of precipitation of intermetallic sigma phase of SAF 2205 steel in certain conditions of temperature and time. Thus, to analyze the behavior of the micro hardness predominantly in the sigma phase in the material according to the amount of the precipitate. Therefore, it was observed that there is a direct relationship between the increase of the micro hardness and the percentage of the Sigma phase in the material composition.

Abstract:

The industrial process generatesdifferent types of solid waste. In the paper and cellulose sector, a residue that stands out is lime mud, composed majority by calcium carbonate. This carbonate could be used as lime source in the desulfurization process of hot metal,resulting in an innovative and environmentally beneficial destination to the residue. Then, the objective of this work is to explore the use of lime mud in the hot metal desulfurization process aiming the residue valorization. For that, the residue was characterized by x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). It was formulated mixtures with lime mud and 7% and 9% of fluorspar. The experiments were conducted at temperatures of 1450°C, 1500°C and 1550°C. Thermo-calc software was used to quantifies the proportion of liquid and solid phases in the mixtures. In order to evaluate the hot metal desulfurization, aliquots weretakenat times of 3, 6, 12 and 24 minutes after the addition of the desulfurizing mixture in the bath.The results showed that the lime mud has 55,12% of CaO and 42,8% of loss on ignition. The greatest efficient reached was 88% corresponding to the mixture containing 9% of fluorsparat 1550°C. These results indicate that lime mud may be applied as a hot metal desulfurizing agent

Abstract:

CA 60 rebars produced by cold forming processes are the main products used in the construction industry. And industries are currently seeking more and more productivity at a lower cost, and for that, studies are needed in the area in order to obtain a product with an increasingly better quality that meets the norms and requirements of the market, which in the case of CA 60 rebar it is the norm NBR 7480: 2007. For this reason, the objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the conformation velocity on the mechanical and microstructural properties of SAE 1013 steel used in the production of CA 60 rebar. The base of this study was the tensile test of SAE 1013 steel subjected to 2 forming processes: cold rolling and drawing with three different forming speeds each. In this study, values of Resistance Limit, Flow Limit and Deformation were obtained. The values of these properties ranged from 470 to 784 MPa, for the tensile strength limit, and from 332 to 744 MPa, for the flow limit, approximately.

Abstract:

The recovery of metals has attracted interest by virtue of new and different technologies that aim at the reuse of these chemical elements in new productive processes. The recovery of manganese from blast furnace slag is an alternative for the reuse of this metal. The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of a hydrometallurgical route for the treatment and recovery of manganese present in blast furnace slag. The hydrometallurgical route for recovery of manganese involved the grinding of the slag and leaching in acid medium using a 2 molar hydrochloric acid solution (HCl) for 1 and 4 hours. The results of leaching were characterized by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) in order to obtain the recovered manganese content of the leach and to analyze the time variation of each sample in HCl solution. The results indicated the possibility of recovery of 15.76% of manganese

Abstract:

Chalcopyrite concentrates are mainly treated by pyrometallurgical routes, in view of the refractoriness of the mineral in ferric sulphate solution - more widely applied industrially. Pretreatment steps, such as sulfurization, have been proposed with the objective of increasing copper extraction in the leaching step. This approach is particularly suitable for chalcopyrite concentrates with high levels of deleterious elements for pyrometallurgical operations, such as fluorine and arsenic. In the present work, reactions were investigated among chalcopyrite concentrates and elemental sulfur, with emphasis on temperature, reaction time and proportion of chalcopyrite and elemental sulfur as parameters that influence the conversion of chalcopyrite into leachable phases. In addition, values of copper extractions obtained by the different transformed sulphides were approached and compared with extractions from chalcopyrite.

Abstract:

The goal of this work is to evaluate the influence of silicon addition on the deoxidizing powder on the incorporation of phosphorus in a C-Mn steel during hot rolling of seamless pipe. For that, some CVN specimens were dipped in deoxidant powder baths that contain phosphorus in their composition, others were dipped in deoxidant baths than contain phosphorus and silicon in their composition and others were not dipped in deoxidant powder baths. It was observed that the deoxidant powder that contain silicon, have a protective barrier in the steel, mainly faialite, that making more difficult the incorporation of phosphorus in the steel. Therefore, deoxidant powders that do not have silicon tend to form fracture that is more intergranular. The thickness of the layer of eutectic phosphorus (Fe3P) and dissolved phosphorus in this steel substrate is higher, too.

Abstract:

One of the main difficulties in the characterization of multiphase steels is the identification and quantification of the phases present. This work aimed to identify and quantify the retained austenite fraction in TRIP steel, in addition to verifying the best metallographic preparation methodology. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and backscattered electron diffraction (EBSD) methods were used to identify and quantify retained austenite. It was possible to observe the difference between the methods of analysis adopted concluding that the XRD technique is more reliable for quantification of retained austenite and the preparation by electrolytic polishing is the best methodology of sample preparation for EBSD.

Abstract:

The Friction Stir Processing (FSP) promotes the microstructural changes (and this is directly linked to the parameters used) of a metal sheet, due to heating and localized plastic deformation due to the passage of a tool that rotate with a constant speed. The objective was verify the influence of the rotation speed and processing passes on a 1050 aluminum sheet with 3.1 mm of thickness. Images were taken from macro evaluation of the processed plates, and microstructural analyzes were carried out by polarized light. According to the results, it can be verified that the sequential passes bring better results, and with the other FSP parameters used, the rotational speed of 980 rpm presented a better macro and microstructural result.

Abstract:

Cutlery and handicrafts have been gaining a great deal of room in the economy. This moves the market of microentrepreneurs, increasing the demand for the perfection of the cutters, that aim to provide the best product to its customers. Although the cutlery is very widespread on selective tempering, there are no specific studies on its superiority in relation to integral tempering. The present work seeks to analyze the obtained properties of the forged and machined slides, varying the tempering process. Through the literature review, we studied the history of the blades and the mystique that involves their manufacturing process. Preliminary tensile, flexural and matalographic tests were performed to obtain the characteristics for the comparison with the finished samples. Where a total of eight blades were forged and eight blades were machined, after manufacture they went to standardization, quenching and tempering heat treatments. The regulatory standards for the hardness and flexural tests of the sixteen blades were used. The results obtained showed that the manufacturing process and the heat treatment directly influence the final product result. It was concluded that forged blades using integral tempering are superior in flexural strength than machined blades

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Abstract:

The latest generation of probes and casthouse machines provide a wealth of data that has not been available a few years ago. The evaluation of this data gives direct feedback to improve the blast furnace efficiency, the equipment maintenance and design and it allows the early detection of critical or deviating process situations. A stable operation with lower operation and maintenance costs are the final customer benefits

Abstract:

Faced with the need to reduce the cost of maintenance and the consumption / disposal of lubricants and filters. Actions directed at operating cost and environment. A study was carried out to verify the possibility of extending the useful life of the lubricant applied to the diesel engine of the fleet of trucks Mercedes Benz Actros 4844 - model OM501LA. To begin the study, the analyzes and results of the predictive reports of the fleet were verified, where it was confirmed that there were no changes in the samples taken with 500 hours, allowing the test / study to be applied to the application of the new periodicity of oil change and filters. Based on this information, 5 trucks / motors with variable useful lives were chosen for the test application. The service life of these engines ranged from +/- 200 to 16,000 hours. The study was carried out in two cycles of 1,000 hours, with detailed monitoring from the 500 hours of operation (normal periodicity) and the results were satisfactory allowing the increase of the useful life of the motor oil to 750 hours. This work enabled a 33% reduction in the cost of lubricant and engine oil filters, a 0.2% increase in the physical fleet availability of 96 trucks, and environmental gain with the reduction in the acquisition and disposal of contaminated oil and filters. Another gain that the study provided was the adequacy of the workshop load without the need to increase the workforce.

Abstract:

Depending on the product or the material grade, conventional deburring machines, such as e.g. with rotating hammers , are in many cases not capable to reliably or completely remove burrs from the edges of a continuously cast product. Burr, however, is generated at the front and/or tail ends of a slab, bloom or billet as a result from torch cutting. Likewise, traversal grinding of the slab’s rolling surfaces can also cause burr at the long side edges of the slab whereby such burr can even be more difficult to remove. Based on their experience and know-how with abrasive machining processes (abrasive cutting, high-pressure grinding) over a period of more than 50 years up to now, BRAUN has developed a highly flexible deburring grinding machine for applica¬tions which are too difficult for conventional deburring techniques. BRAUN’s deburring grinding machines were successfully introduced to the steel industry and have proven their worth under normal production conditions already. The subject paper describes the key features and advantages of BRAUN’s machine design and the operational re¬sults from the first already completed projects.

Abstract:

Usiminas steelworks has 03 BOF converters with 76 metric tons each. The intent to eliminate the human intervention in activities of cutting mouth skull, keep converter mouth in good conditions keep successful in charging of scrap metal and hot metal. This way to achieve the listed objectives, beside also to ensuring and improving operational stability during the blowing stage in steel production, a series of developments in the oxygen Lance was started through the application of Slagless Clean Up® technology. After the end of the testing period, the results showed great success with the use of Slagless Clean Up® technology, all the proposed objectives were achieved. In addition, the technology reaches a record life (for the plant) of 1770 hearts in Aciaria 1 of Usiminas Ipatinga.

Abstract:

Coke microstructure can be defined as the spatial relationship between coke matrix and pores and it is formation occurs during the coal carbonization process. Understanding which parent coal properties rules the microstructure formation allow us to better estimate which changes in the coal blend could improve coke’s quality. Laboratory cokes were produced by coals with different properties aiming to evaluate a large range of coke microstructure parameters. Coke microstructure characterization was carried out with an image analysis tool. The influence of the parent coal properties in the microstructure parameters was then evaluated. The results were also compared with the predicted in other coke quality models (MOF and CBI). It was seen that high-volatile coals with high thermoplastic properties produce cokes with high porosity and large pore size. Coals with high inert content produce cokes with low porosity, small pore size, but unsuitable pore shape. The most suitable coke microstructure was produced with parent coals showing the best properties under MOF and CBI criterion.

Abstract:

Minerals containing Tantalum and Tin are considered conflict minerals, once the mining, transport or export of these ores have been related to financing of abuses to human rights or armed conflicts. In this scenario, corporate organizations and policy makers are constantly working on new regulations and requirements, in order to prevent companies from financing these issues. As consequence of these necessary efforts, the supply chain of tantalum and tin is already being affected and there may be a limitation of raw material availability for companies worldwide. Companies must adapt to new requirements while also looking for alternative materials such as secondary materials and/or byproducts of tantalum and tin the world and in Brazil, the necessary changes that Brazilian companies must go through considering this evolving scene and the possibilities for the metallurgical recovery of tantalum and tin from byproducts in Brazil. This recovery can help to enhance production levels, while not contributing to the financing of the described abuses.

Abstract:

The pelletizing process allows inputs to be added to the mixture resulting in better control of the physical, chemical and metallurgical characteristics desired by the pellet. Anthracite is incorporated as input of the pellets as an alternative form of fuel, making the burning more homogeneous, "from the inside out", benefiting the physical resistance of the burned pellets and aiming to reduce the cost of natural gas during the stage of hardening. However, the amount of anthracite should not exceed an optimum value, which may cause an adverse effect on the physical quality of the pellets. Hence, it is very important an accurate control of the coal dosage. Based on that, the present work presents the implementation of a control using advanced control system that applies, using linear regression of historical data, the optimum relationship between anthracite and ore (respecting the physical quality of the pellets during processing in pelletizing furnaces). After the implementation of this control, it was possible to adjust the anthracite dosage automatically, measured in percentage of fixed carbon in the mixture, when the process is able, thus reducing the specific consumption of natural gas.

Abstract:

Predicting rock fragmentation is essential to optimize the blasting rock operation. Fragmentation depends on many parameters, such as structural and geomechanical properties of rocky massif, blast plan geometry of detonations and properties of explosives. In this context, the objective of this work is to predict fragmentation by simulation of Mineração Megaípe blasting rock considering the structural and geomechanical characteristics inherent to the rocky massif formation through the Kuz-Ram methodology. The methodology consisted in the survey of the geometric properties of the visible discontinuities on the face of the bench, accomplishment of the geomechanical classification through the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) and Q systems and application of the results to prediction of the granulometric distribution of fragmentation. It was obtained as a result of the simulation that about 90% of the fragmented material should pass through the gap of the primary crusher available in the quarry, in addition to favorable results for analyzes of operational slope stability conditions

Abstract:

The characteristics of each ore make it impossible to predict the quality of a flotation concentrate without exploratory tests. The research begins with laboratory batch tests, and then, after advances in the determination of process conditions, the complexity of the tests increases in order to evaluate new parameters. The closed cycle test (LCT) simulate circuits with load recirculation and the greatest difficulty of this test is to stabilize the circuit and achieve equilibrium. Depending on mass availability, the types of tests that offer the highest reliability and informations about flotation in an ongoing process are mini-scale or pilot-scale tests. This work aimed to compare the results of the flotation tests in three scales (batch test, LCT and mini pilot) for the Bonsucesso ore, a new deposit in mineral research, owned by Nexa Resources, that has sphalerite, zinc ore, and galena, lead ore. In the open flotation circuit of galena was obtained 27.57% content with 26.70% recovery, in the LCT test the content was 31.54% with 64.64% recovery and in the mini pilot reached 51.22 % content with 65.51% recovery. In the open sphalerite flotation the zinc content was 55.51% with 77.35% recovery, in the LCT test the zinc content was 56.71% with 84.42% of recovery and in the mini pilot of 50.02% content with 94.54% recovery.

Abstract:

In this study, the influence of the yttrium and titanium elements on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-25 Cr, Fe-25 Cr-0.2 Ti and Fe-25 Cr-0,2 Y alloys compared with stainless steel 430 were investigated. the microstructural and mechanical characterization of the alloys was carried out through the techniques of Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Dispersive Energy Spectroscopy, X-ray Fluorescence, Optical Emission Spectroscopy and Vickers Hardness Testing. The results showed that the low concentration of the elements Ti and Y had little influence on grain refining. In addition, the alloys produced in this study presented higher hardness than the commercial alloy (430 stainless steel). However, when compared between them, it is noticed that the alloy Fe-25 Cr presents the highest value.

Abstract:

The Selective Laser Melting (SLM) process is commonly used in the metallic materials additive manufacture, and this is a fast process which the pieces are formed layer by layer. In this process a laser source sweeps the bed of dust and selects the regions to be fused, through the high-power intensity applied, according to the proposed digital design, to obtain pieces with good density. Although FSL has several advantages compared to conventional manufacturing processes, it is still costly for industry. The optimization of processing parameters of this technology for shape memory alloys has been explored. NiTi shape memory alloys stand out for their shape memory effect and superelasticity, which gives them a several applications. Optimizing the FSL process for these alloys, power and energy density of the laser parameters, is fundamental to obtain the parts with good mechanical properties and low porosity. Thus, this work aims to observe and criticize the influence of the processing parameters on the microstructure and porosity of NiTi alloy specimens manufactured by FSL

Abstract:

SSAssets Control, is a SW to control the delivery and return of assets such as Personal Protective Equipment – PPE, and tools. The asset control system independently manages various tool stocks / EPIs. The system radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to perform these controls (delivery and return). In addition to the identification of RFID equipment, users in various system functionalities, such as Pickup and Return of items, are also identified by MIFARE

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Abstract:

The hot blast system is key ancillary plant equipment with respect to safe and stable operations during a long blast furnace campaign. Hot blast stove designs have been optimized to such an extent that in some cases, their lifetimes have surpassed the campaign lengths of the associated blast furnaces by a substantial margin, with the exception of the burner and a few critical areas. This article presents recent developments with respect to designing, building new and operating existing hot blast systems for a long lifetime and at optimized performance. These developments include fundamental improvements such as dome combustion designs as well as increasingly comprehensive packages for inspection, assessment and maintenance techniques. Examples of such techniques are burner replacement with the hot blast system at operating temperature, improved double shell approaches and TOFD measurement applications.

Abstract:

The freight cars maintenance strategy of VLI was based on corrective, preventive and sometimes predictive maintenance, since for some components systems doesn´t have information to evaluate the wear condition of items, and then, determinate the right time to realize mechanical intervention. In this work was developed a study about the component system responsible for the biggest part of the railway occurrences involving freight cars and designed an instrument that make it possible to track the wagon condition, allowing the use of the predictive maintenance. To develop the instrument, was used the decision-making method named AHP that enabled the comparison of many information related to the wagons that was analyzed just individually before, and then rank the wagons in worst conditions to direct them to the maintenance

Abstract:

Eventually, it is necessary to adjust the width of the slabs by flame cutting process. However, the conventional flame cutting process is not recommended for some grade of steel by generating susceptibility of cracks in the cutting section. Thus, in the present work a new technique for dimensional slabs adjustment based on the use of double flame cut was developed and applied at Usiminas. After optimization of cutting parameters (velocity and position of the torches), temperatures of 200°C were obtained, homogeneously distributed along the cutting section, favoring dimensional adjustment. With the industrial implementation, there were indices above 85% of slabs approval and, consequently, the use of plates that were not previously intended for the generation of rolling mill products.

Abstract:

Brazil is the largest producer of crude steel in the Americas by BOF process and many challenges come along with the increasing market demand. In the BOF, a tubular wall hood structure has been showing premature failures related to the overlay welded tube technology placed in the hood wall. The main root causes were: thermal fatigue at 1800°C, hot spot formation, high heat-affected zone (HAZ) leading to susceptibility of stress cracking, carburizing corrosion and superficial wearing. Based on that, co-extruded tube technology (named composite tube by Sandvik) was the alternative chosen to enhance hood performance without compromising BOF process. In order to rises safety and productivity, composite tube has 100% metallurgical bond assuring stable expansion, high heat exchange efficiency, better corrosion resistance and less rough surface finishing. It was highly suggested to many others mills due to similar and already existing reported cases.

Abstract:

The challenge in coke production is related to the preparation of coal blends that will produce the coke with the required quality for the use in blast furnaces. The influence of inert materials such as (petcoke [CVP], anthracyte and high inert carbon [CATI]) in the coal blends on texture and quality of coke was evaluated in a pilot scale. The results indicated that, for the blend evaluated, the addition of CVP up to 30% produced quality coke (DI15-150) suitable for the use in Usiminas blast furnaces. The main texture types presented were mosaic, fragmentary, fusite, anisotropic inert and remaining CVP. On the other hand, the addition of anthracyte caused a significant decrease of DI15-150 and CSR. Optical microscopy analyses revealed free particles in the coke matrix, contributing to the drop in quality. Additions of CATI to the coking blends resulted in a significant drop in coke quality, and predominance of mosaic type texture. In general, CVP was the only inert material tested that produced proper quality coke for blast furnace application. The high inert coal presented the worst result.

Abstract:

Certain risks related to Sn and Ta supply chain may lead companies to terminate business relationships with suppliers. An alternative to this supply limitation is to enhance the processing of secondary materials as source of raw material. An example consists of sourcing of Ta2O5 from tin slags. Thus, the present work sought to enhance the processing of cassiterite containing relevant content of Ta2O5. The objective was to maximize the concentration and yield of this oxide in the slag, while maintaining high yield of Sn in the metallic phase. Aiming that, reduction of the cassiterite was studied in an electric arc furnace and additions of Na2CO3 were used to decrease the melting temperature of the slag. The furnace operation was found to be stable and processing steps allowed to reach high yield of Sn and Ta, as well as high Ta2O5 content in the slag. Based on processing data and on the low Na2O content, it was concluded that the addition of Na2CO3 was beneficial to the process, acting on the maximization of the Ta2O5 content and on the stability of the operation.

Abstract:

Vallourec pioneered the deployment, development and consolidation of technology for the use of pulverized charcoal as the main energy source on the first Grate-kiln pelletizing plant in Brazil. The objective of this work was to delve into the subject and to bring more information about this innovative practice of Vallourec that has been attracting the interest of other companies in the steel industry. Industrial tests confirmed the technical feasibility, taking Vallourec ahead in the project of adaptation and investment. With consolidated data of two years from the beginning of the implementation, the main benefits are the average reduction of CO₂e emissions by 50%, reduction of costs by at least 10% higher than expected and return on investment in 18 months.

Abstract:

A seleção adequada da taxa de produção de um empreendimento mineiro tem influência direta na possibilidade de sucesso do projeto, assim como a definição do porte e quantidade de equipamentos empregados em sua operação influenciam a maximização do Valor Presente Líquido (VPL). Nesse processo, a análise de risco na variável de saída aliada à análise de sensibilidade fornece resultados mais consistentes, visto que considera os riscos e incertezas de um projeto ao longo de sua vida útil. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a operação em uma mina de agregados a partir da consideração de quatro diferentes conjuntos escavadeira-caminhões através do método do Valor Anual Uniforme Equivalente (VAUE), comparando-o com o método do VPL. Foram revistas as avaliações econômicas efetuadas em estudo anterior, no qual foi obtido o VPL e efetuadas as Análises de Risco e Sensibilidade em cada um dos cenários, e foi acrescida à análise a metodologia do VAUE, sendo esta também submetida à análise probabilística. Foi verificado o desempenho de cada escavadeira e seus correspondentes caminhões para diferentes taxas de produção em ambas as metodologias, permitindo concluir que, para um mesmo número de unidades de transporte e contanto que a taxa de produção requerida seja possível, quanto menor o porte do equipamento, mais econômico é o cenário. Por outro lado, quanto maior a taxa de produção do empreendimento, mais rentável este será.

Abstract:

Comparative study between standard and BigFLUX matrices for high intensity magnetic separation pre-concentration stage for iron ore. The evaluation was carried out on GAUSTEC’s pilot equipment for samples from Viga Mine’s operation. Samples in different feed iron content on rougher stage were evaluated in 46 experiments with matrix variation. The analisys compared chemistry, mass recovery and metallurgical recovery results to define the most efficient matrix to use in a pre-concentration stage.

Abstract:

The current assignment presents the methodology used in the design of a brake disc for a Formula SAE vehicle, analyzing possible materials to be used, geometries favorable to its durability and efficiency, structural simulations at the whole idealized set. In addition, the conditions and characteristics of the manufacturing process of the developed component are described, focusing on the production of a few units of the component, presenting adequate final finishing, passing through final stages of validation and dynamic tests being submitted to real operating conditions.

Abstract:

NiTi shape memory alloys are frequently subjected to cyclic stress and straining conditions, being prone to failure by fatigue. However, the fatigue of behavior of these alloys is not yet fully comprehended. In this paper, the mechanical properties of superelastic and heat-treated wires were analyzed by means of uniaxial mechanical cycling after being subjected to different fatigue life fractions on flexural fatigue. The heat-treatment was performed at 400°C for 30 min and cooled in room-temperature water. The microstructure was characterized via XRD analysis and the transformation temperatures were determined by DSC analysis. The results showed that the austenitic wires presented superelastic behavior through all of their fatigue life. However, damage accumulation could be noted as an increase in the maximum achieved stresses after different fractions of the fatigue life. The heat-treated wires, on the other hand, presented elastic deformation of the induced martensite, a behavior similar to the observed in the high-cycle fatigue of conventional materials. In these wires, the maximum stresses achieved during cycling stabilized, meaning that the damage accumulation is not as high as in the superelastic condition.

Abstract:

Many companies aim at improving their productivity and standardizing their business processes in order to be able to react quickly to market expectations. With the implementation of PSImetals Production and Quality, Vallourec Soluções Tubulares do Brasil is targeting a metals industry standard solution which allows single piece traceability across supply chain and business integration between its sites, in respect to the quality of the products.

Abstract:

Failure analysis can prove to be an important tool for improving the design and operation of equipment. This study intend to determine the causes that led to the rupture of the roller shirt oil compactor. The failure occurred during the operation from the formation of a crack along the longitudinal plane to the plane of symmetry of the roller. The study followed the usual methodology used in fault analysis. The tests were visual analysis, analysis of fracture morphology through optical microscopy, metallography, microhardness and chemical analysis. Through the methodology used, the most relevant factors that caused the failure of the component were established. The cracking of the jacket occurred by overload, without evident plastic deformation, starting from region near the corner between the face of the outer side and the outer diameter of the roller liner. It was also verified that the jacket has found defects - microreflections, porosities, segregations - that encouraged the formation of the crack

Abstract:

The blast furnaces can be present happenings of breakings and hot spots in blow pipes, and these situations have the consequences: high risks in the blow pipes assembly integrity, resulting in low safety operational conditions; abrupt increase in the blowpipes internal temperature, causing hot spots and breakings recurring per wear in refractory coatings; necessity of emergency stoppages; necessity to change the blowpipes assemblies per wear in refractory profile. One possibility of cause is rellationed with these happenings can be the combustion in the interior of blow pipes of PCI that injected by lances, causing wear in the coating refractory and consequently hot spots and/or breakings in blowpipes assembly. To avoid the wear in refractory coating was installed the phenomena monitoring systems in raceway. This system works as a complement of differential pressure gadgets between the blowpipes and hot blast pipe. In this paper, it is showed the monitoring design characteristics, its particularities and the results reached after the systems installation in relation with damages in blowpipes assemblies..

Abstract:

The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the process of developing and implementing automation in operations, warehousing activities (receiving, storing, moving, inventory, picking and delivery of materials) using SAP FIORI technology with interface in Android and IOS for the use of Mobile (smartphones and tablets), already aligned to the moment of the industry 4.0, aiming at technological innovations in the fields of automation, control and information technology. The development in this new platform aims to make warehouse operations more agile and efficient, seeking to optimize the processing of information faster, reduce the time of permanence of the goods in the transfer areas and generate greater traceability of the processing with direct interface and online with the organization's ERP-SAP. The methodology of the work was to identify opportunities to exploit the best potential of SAP Fiori solutions, aligned with the Android and IOS operating systems for the use of mobile phones, tablets, with internal and / or 3G / 4G network communications, always aiming to optimize all operational activities (materials flow) and administrative (information flow) within the processes of the warehouses and their interface areas. The project started and was implemented in the Plans units (ArcelorMittal Tubarão and Vega), and with an expansion plan for ArcelorMital Brasil Longos units during the year 2019. In this first stage the result achieved was fully benefits have been found in reducing errors; increased security; cost reduction; optimization of processes; transparency in data; product customization, which is expected that the learning curve will naturally lead us to the adoption of new incremental solutions resulting in the best levels of management of the process of storage and movement of materials.

Abstract:

In the current economic scenario, companies seek to become more and more competitive, optimizing costs through assertive and timely decision-making and not just performing linear cuts across the organization. The biggest challenge for business leaders, especially maintenance staff, is to achieve corporate goals while adding value to the asset life cycle. For this, it is not enough to only master the techniques used in the maintenance strategies, but to decide between the risks and opportunities, which really are important to maintain the required performance. To support this daily dilemma, a homemade tool was developed to consolidate the global vision of risk events, taking into account a pattern to be followed so that everyone can see the events of risks and opportunities from the same perspective, thus supporting the decision-making process at the managerial levels and board.

Abstract:

Nothing short of revolutionary, Belt Casting Technology (BCT®) is a further leap toward near-net-shape casting. Depending on the BCT® caster type, different production rates and a large variety of product sizes are possible. What makes BCT® casters so special is that they handle alloys previously not suitable for continuous casting. Furthermore, the new technology also copes with crack-critical conventional steel grades impossible to produce by standard continuous casting. Protected from reoxidation, the liquid steel is poured from a conventional ladle into a covered tundish. The steel flows onto the moving horizontal mold consisting of the conveyor belt and internally cooled side dams. There is an inert gas atmosphere above the conveyor belt to protect the solidifying steel. Finally, at the rear end of the caster, a defined gas mix directly influences the solidification structure to form a thin strip. Typical product dimensions are 10-20 millimeters thick and 1,000 - 1,600 millimeters wide, with casting speeds of up to 30 meters per minute. The as-cast strip leaves the conveyor belt horizontally. Behind an enclosed roller table which ensures complete process inertization right up to the end of the table, is a combination of two pinch-roll stands separated by a looper. A second pinch roll unit feeds the strip to a moving hydraulic shear. The full benefits of belt casting technology regarding OPEX and CAPEX can be achieved by inline concepts.

Abstract:

Mixing time is an important parameter when considering chemical and thermal homogenization in steelmaking reactors. It can also be relevant in the kinetics of chemical reactions. Different methods have been used to estimate mixing times in physical models of steelmaking reactors. In the present work a new method to estimate mixing times in physical models has been proposed. This method can be used when transparent fluids are used to simulate the liquid steel and the slag. Results of mixing times in a physical model of a BOF obtained with different techniques were compared. It was shown that the new method is more reliable and consistent than the common methods based on electrical conductivity measurements and colorimetric analysis

Abstract:

For a stable and efficient operation of a coke oven, it is necessary to control the coke's fuel, so it is necessary to define the thermal balance for effective coking process control. The objective of the work was to define the thermal balance in coke battery in order to guarantee the temperature control by defining the heats of entry and exit of the same

Abstract:

Among the titanium alloys, the addition of Nb in bands of determined compositions can favor the reduction of the elastic modulus of the material, an interesting factor for its application in prosthetics. Among these compositions, the alloys with 17,5-25%Nb present structure predominantly dominated by the phase α'''. The objective of this work was to characterize the Ti-20Nb alloy in its as cast state to analyze the phase distribution generated by the addition of Nb in this composition in the microstructure of the cast alloy. To accomplish so optical microscopy (OM), electronic microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and micro hardness analyses were conducted. OM images showed coarse grain size and equiaxial dendritic structure. SEM images depict very typical martensitic morphology, in agreement to XRD analysis that indicated the complete presence of αLPHA’’ phase. Therefore, results show that α phase predicted in equilibrium diagram was completely suppressed by martensitic transformation βETA→αLPHA’’.

Abstract:

In the Tubarão Pelletizing Plants, anthracite is used as solid fuel, which has fixed carbon content of 72%. This paper will present the pilot scale results and industrial scale tests of an alternative fuel to anthracite, named Blast Furnace Dust. All the work was developed using samples from Arcelor Mittal Tubarão, due to it has a large source of production and is near to Vale/SA, which reduces significantly the cost for the material’s transportation. There was an impact on the variability in fixed carbon results of the slurry, mainly at the beginning of the test, reaching very high levels and put on risk the pellets physical’s quality. This variation can be explained by some operational disturbances and, mainly, by the low predictability of Blast Furnace Dust quality and lack of an adequate system for material preparation and dosage.

Abstract:

The evaluation of the effect of the addition of carbon nanotubes (NTCs) directly to a etheramine on the flotation recovery of the quartz at pH 10.5 was carried out by means of microflotation tests in Hallimond tube. The quartz flotation was evaluated using 0.1% (w/v) etheramine solution with different percentages of carboxylic functionalized NTCs. The increase in the percentage of functionalized NTCs increased the flotation recovery to a maximum and from this it was observed a reduction of the recovery of the mineral. Pure etheramine and etheramine with the NTCs were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and thermal analysis. FTIR spectra of both pure etheramine and etheramine with NTCs clearly showed peaks with the same wavelengths and diagnostics of the cation etheramine and acetate anion. Thermogravimetry indicated that the etheramine + NTCs-COOH mixture lost approximately the same weight percentage over a larger temperature range. In addition, the interaction of the nanotubes with the etheramine caused them to decompose at a lower temperature.

Abstract:

This paper aims to evaluate the ore sorting technology with x-ray sensor for identification and removal of particles with predominance of gangue minerals present in fractions coarser than 16mm of iron ores, aiming to increase iron content. the results obtained in pilot tests showed the increase of 3 points in the content of fe after the removal of 25% of particles with predominance of gangue minerals, being an option of greater economic feasibility in relation to re-crushing.

Abstract:

The search for better energy efficiency solutions through technology is constant in our world. Here we present a series of results obtained during the development of an equipment for industrial use, a bulk solids feeder called Batchpump. With the proposal of being an alternative to the conventional pressure vessel, having as main differentials in energy efficiency; installation; dimension; and cost, this work confronts results obtained for Batchpump and a conventional vessel applied in a pneumatic limestone transport system in powder in an industrial scale line with 130m extension. At an inlet pressure of 4 bar, the Batchpump equipment obtained a transport rate of 75% and air consumption in the order of 30% lower than the traditional vessel, validating the hypothesis under which it was designed: to have a higher efficiency with similar transport rates. We present in the results the data in stationary transport cycle in dense phase regime.

Abstract:

The 410D ferritic stainless steel is a relatively new steel and in development on Brazilian Market. It has been put as a candidate to replace common low carbon steels and weathering steel in some applications, where there are some requirements related to the materials oxidation and corrosion resistance. However, there still is a lack of knowledge related to its mechanical behavior, which allow the assessment of its application’s feasibility in aggressive work conditions, such as in relatively high temperatures. Furnace structural parts, piping for conducting hot gases and vapors, among others, are potential examples for 410D steel applications. In this context, the present work has assessed the behavior of the aforementioned steel when it is submitted to hot tensile tests at 300°C and 600°C, by comparing the obtained results to its performance at room temperature. It was concluded that the 410D stainless steel is susceptible to the dynamic aging phenomenon when strained at 300°C. In this condition, its total strain is significantly affected and decreased. At 600°C it was noticed a decrease of 45% on its yield strength and an increase on its total strain when compared to the room temperature condition.

Abstract:

The purpose of the syscoor is to perform the sequencing of the operations from the weighing of the torpedo car until the final transformation of the steel into slabs, with emphasis on the production of the continuous casting in the according to the operational strategy. With this system, every operator involved in the steel production process can know, precisely and beforehand, the exact moment to start each activity of the steel shop production flow. This system communicates with all other steel shop sub-systems, on an automated basis. as a result, it can receive and send information, and at the same time keep its database continuously updated. With the recent technological modernization of this system, it has also become a system that can provide and reliable information to support the performance of managers and supervisors linked to the production process, anticipating decisions, which consider the parties and the whole, the current and future

Abstract:

A global reflection on the design of blast furnace main runner was investigated in this paper. TRB Company used its skills and expertise to understand what the best option for this sensitive component is, including some innovative tools: intelligent block design for safety lining, thermal & thermomechanical numerical simulation, immersive measurement by thermocouples, IR thermal camera, 3D laser scanner.

Abstract:

This article aims to present the evolutionary framework regarding Safety of Work inside the Steel Products Terminal (TPS) of the port of Praia Mole and show the new tools and technologies applied to the port process to guarantee the sustainability and constancy of port operations. In this document, we will present the Steel Products Terminal, its operating structure, and the executed operations. Next, we'll explain the security management tools used, as well as their technologies. Finally, we will show the impacts from the resources and safety actions carried out, emphasizing the importance of technology in conjunction with work safety in the TPS.

Abstract:

The choice of correct maintenance strategies for the different assets of a company is a great challenge for the managers. The definition of a single maintenance policy for the entire company, although it brings benefits like simplification of management process and standardization, can results in inefficiency and incompatible costs whith the budget. In most cases, one company or even one plant of a company may have different levels of occupation of its production lines and, in order to achieve competitive cost results, it is necessary to adopt different strategies for each of these lines. This study presents an analysis of the occupation levels of several productive lines of a steel plant and proposes to establish different maintenance strategies for each of them, based on their occupation levels. As a result, it can be notice that in a same company it’s possible to have different occupation levels, which requires the adoption of different strategies.

Abstract:

Filters at spray circuit in water treatment plant at continuous casting process present flow performance problems, leading to loss of productivity in slab production process at ArcelorMittal Tubarão. In the filtration stage of the recirculation water used in the spray circuit, reduction of the flow with the operating time does not meet the need of the process. There is an inaccuracy design specification since the original design aims at drinking water treatment and not water from the direct casting system, this water have high concentration of suspended solids and oil&greases. In order to recover the flow of the filtered water, it is necessary to increase the counter-wash frequency, improving the water flow and cleaning the beds, but the high frequency of counter-washing becomes a complication for WTS operation, jeopardize the operation stability. The objective of this work was to identify and propose solutions to the flow problems of the filters in order to guarantee the nominal design specification (1380 m³ / h / 5 filters) and consequent operational system stability. Laboratory evaluations were carried out to identify the ideal composition of the filter bed as well as its particle size distribution and internal modifications of the filter and crackers used in the counter-wash system. After the modifications, the filter is operating for almost a year according to specification, guaranteeing filtration flow and extending counter wash time from 6/6 hours to 15/15 hours.

Abstract:

In 2011 Danieli Linz has been founded and entered as newcomer the Converter Steelmaking market. Since this time 5 BOF References (from 80t up to 350t capacity) are in operation, a 300t BOF is currently in manufacturing status and another 180t BOF is in engineering phases. In July 2018 Danieli Linz Technology was fully integrated into the well-known Danieli Corus group, located in Ijmuiden (Netherlands). This new set-up creates excellent opportunities to use synergies and combine know how from both disciplines, iron- and steelmaking to further develop technologies and products in these fields. On the BOF market, there is more and more the demand to provide complete system responsibility. Which means optimizing converter- and refractory-technologies with the aim to increase their life-times in parallel as a system. This is a new challenge for all parties involved (operation of steel plant, supplier for converter and refractory). Under this scenario Danieli Corus can offer important features and improvements to the market: > Maximum increase of converter size respectively inner reaction volume while leaving the main dimensions of the existing plant unchanged. > The suspension system has to be designed in a manner that it is not limiting the life time of the converter. In this regards the well-known vertical lamella elements have been further improved. For the horizontal loads, Danieli developed and patented a new suspension element, which is based on flat lamella plates which compensate the thermal expansion of the vessel by elastic deformation. > To increase the life time of the vessel shell, Danieli Corus applies in a recent project the features of high creep resistance converter shell material, converter air- and water cooling. > For monitoring the temperature, Danieli Corus further developed the second generation of the temperature monitoring system Q-TEMP 2.0. This is a direct outcome of the above mentioned synergies. > Another feature is the Danieli Conditioning Monitoring System (DCMS), which actually will be installed in a converter tilting drive. This system is giving online feedback of the actual condition of the gear components and defines the optimum timing for overhauling, repair or exchange of components or parts.

Abstract:

Currently, both in Brazil and in the world, factory efficiency in the steel industry seeks energy efficiency, and one of the relevant issues is the proper application of the energy balance. At Heat Recovery Coke plant, energy recovery is one of the main objectives, with beehive-type furnaces, oxygen is introduced into the furnace during the coking process and the complete combustion of the coal gas takes place, whereby hydrocarbon emissions are almost completely eliminated. In this context, the present work had the objective of realizing an energy balance in a furnace of a COQUERIA HEAT RECOVERY, applying the methodology used by Usiminas (1997) and used by EPE (Energy Research Company) in 2005. The results showed that the energy losses in the process are related to the percentage of oxygen in the combustion gases. With the studied model it is possible to analyze the losses due to the fuel humidity, hydrogen combustion, air humidity, percentage of hydrogen in the fuel and the unburnt carbon in the ashes.

Abstract:

A mathematical model to simulate the solidification of Nd-Fe-B alloys by the strip casting process was implemented. The model was based on the undimensional heat conduction equation applied to the thickness of the strip and to the wall of the water-cooled roll of the casting machine. The numerical solution of the equations yielded the profile of solid fraction along the strip thickness and the temperature along the strip and roll wall. The temperature of a point on the roll external surface oscillates owing to cycles of contact with the liquid alloy stream and detachment of a piece of strip. The average temperature of the roll wall increases with time, decreasing the strip cooling-rate. Even at the beginning of the process, pieces of strip are not completely solid as they detach from the roll.

Abstract:

The problem of iron ore sticking and premature wear on screening rolls on balling systems is recurrent. The importance of the "screening" function of the roller classifier is fundamental, since in perfect conservation state and operation it is possible to ensure the performance improvement of the most expensive phase in the pelletizing production chain, the thermal processing. The present works target is the identification of possible causes of iron ore adhesion in classifier rollers and develop a methodology to evaluate and quantify the iron ore sticking mechanism on the classifier surface. For this purpose, iron ore and additives were collected at four different pelletizing plants in terms of iron ore origins and process flows, three different rollers were chosen for testing around the adhesive energy at the iron ore mixture/rolls surface interface. As results, it was possible to construct methodologies to evaluate the aggregability, it was observed the importance of "specific moisture" definition and knowledge on the adhesive energy increase, besides presenting the better performance of rolls with tungsten carbide coating than other evaluated.

Abstract:

For more than five years, GAUSTEC, along with large Mineral Industry companies, has sought solutions to concentrate flotation tailings and fines by using High Intensity Magnetic Separators (WHIMS). In 2014, GAUSTEC launches the world's largest magnetic separator, the GHX 1400, with capacity up to 1400t/h. By 2015, it launches NoBLOCK® technology, a protection for magnetic separators against clogging. Finally in 2017, it launches two technologies that, together with the previous two, revolutionize the market for magnetic separation, the BigFLUX® Matrix and SuperWHIMS® technology. This article aims to show all these technologies together and to show the efficiency of the same ones already employed in mining companies.

Abstract:

In this paper a sample of the apatite flotation from Cajati-SP was studied. Four alternatives of depressants were analyzed: corn starch, cassava starch, sodium hexametaphosphate with corn starch and sodium silicate with corn starch. The cassava starch had a gain of 7.5% in the metallurgical recovery and a collector consumption 13.8% greater than corn starch. Alternatives with hexametaphosphate and silicate sodium had a loss of 6.7% and 7.8% in recovery respectively in comparison with corn starch.

Abstract:

The purpose of this study was to compare the results obtained from differs inclusions analysis techniques: optical microscopy, Automated Steel Cleanliness Analysis Tool (ASCAT) and optical emission spectrometry (Spark-DAT) and thus evaluate these systems for the use in inclusions control during steelmaking process. For this study samples provided by ArcelorMittal Tubarão industrial plant have been analyzed using this technique and the amount of inclusions were determined. Therefore, three type of steels with low and medium alloy were studied: Ultra low carbon aluminum killed steel; Ultra low carbon silicon killed steel; medium carbon steel aluminum and silicon killed steel. The samples were prepared by standard metallographic approach and have been taken to the optical microscope to obtain images as well as measurements of the amount of inclusions. Subsequently, the samples have been analyzed by Automated Steel Cleanliness Analysis Tool (ASCAT) and optical emission spectrometry (Spark-DAT). The three type of analysis were compared using same area of the samples, in order to insure a better fit. The results obtained have indicated a convergence between these methodologies

Abstract:

The sigma phase is known to negatively affect the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steels (DSSs). Thus, exposure of the alloy to elevated temperatures such as during production processes, welding or heat treatments should be performed in a cautious manner in order to avoid precipitation of sigma. Thus, suitable models to predict the precipitation of the sigma phase are very useful tools. Among the numerous models, the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) relationship is one of the most commonly used models to describe the kinetics of isothermal phase transformations in many systems governed by nucleation and growth mechanisms. Therefore, the present work aimed to conduct a kinetic study based on the JMAK model of the sigma phase precipitation in a UNS S31803 DSS isothermally aged at 750ºC, 800ºC and 850ºC. It was concluded that the precipitation kinetics of the sigma phase in the alloy followed the JMAK model, since a good correlation was obtained between experimental and simulated data It was observed that increasing the aging temperature from 750°C to 850°C accelerated the sigma phase precipitation kinetics. The determined activation energy (182,4 kJ/mol) for sigma phase precipitation in this system suggests that the diffusion of Cr in ferrite is the main mechanism involved in the formation of this phase.

Abstract:

In the steel industry quantities of up to 5% of the pieces produced need to be totally or partially scrapped due to quality defects. Most of the defects found are related to the early stages of the production process, but these defects are most often found in the final products. And many losses could be avoided if defects were discovered in preliminary stages through actions such as: changing the production route of the material, adapting process parameters, or adding corrective steps. However, the amount of data to be analyzed makes it impossible for quality specialists to predict these defects, and for this complex mathematical models have been created, correlating defects with thousands of machine and process data evolving over time. In addition, a practical way of applying this quality prediction model is to define a set of actions for all the pieces considered suspected to contain a defect. For this to be effective we need to further define the probability threshold of the defect from which the actions will be taken, and this threshold must take into account the cost of the corrective action in comparison with the probability and cost of the defect.

Abstract:

Abstract:

The refining of metal in a combined blow converter – including desulphurization ad dephosphorization reactions- is quite dependent on the degree of contact between metal and slag. This work deals with physical modelling of mass transfer between metal and slag using water to model metal, oils of different properties to emulate slag and various air flow rates to assess the influence of the stirring power. Thymol is used as the tracer substance. According to the results from this work the values of the apparent mas transfer coefficient lie in two distinct regions as a function of the stirring power. High values of mass transfer are achieved for high values of stirring energy and low values of Capillary number

Abstract:

The process of manufacturing pig iron in the blast furnace industrial units has the consequence of the generation of slag, a waste that can be produced in high quantity and present damages to the environment, when not reused. In the composition of this tailing, can be find the presence of metals, harmful to the nature, such as manganese which has an important and widespread utility in the metal industry, but even so the slags are not used as a potential source of this element. Knowing this, the slags were subjected to crushing and grading steps to separate the aliquots. These were applied in the tests of technological characterization of the material, from MEV, EDS,Soxhlet, analysis of liberation degree by digital microscope, finding data of several analyzes. Thus, the objective of this paper is to demonstrate, through the characterization of the slag, that this material has in its composition metallic elements, focusing on manganese, that can be reused in order to avoid the generation of environmental liabilities harmful to the environment. The results show a manganese content with a degree of release greater than 80% in bands from 48 #, which were divided by density and thus allow the gravimetric separation of the material in question.

Abstract:

The demand for natural resources has grown over the years, however, the environment offers a limited amount of these resources for exploration. Then, the investigation of new methods for recovering and reuse some compounds and elements are essential to know later tailings purposes. Zinc is used in corrosion resistance as a protective coating for several products. One of the steps for the extraction of zinc is by flotation process to obtain the concentrated ore, in which a residue is generated. The aim is to characterize this residue, allowing the choice of recovery routes for compounds and elements in future stages. The methods of analysis were Malvern, VA, Eltra and ICP-OES, besides the water content. In this study, a characterization of elemental chemical analysis was performed, in which the main elements presented were: calcium (17.4%), magnesium (10.3%) and iron (7.97%); the water content was 27% and the grain size of the material presented an average size of 50um. With the presented characteristics the material can be used, after treatment, in the recovery of other compounds for applications in the sector of fertilizers, ceramics and steel industry.

Abstract:

One of the main activities in the municipalities of Rio Grande do Norte is the mining of ornamental rocks, which are products that integrate most of the world's production, these have unfolding and processing conditions for ornamental and cladding purposes. Diamond wire is the most widespread rock cutting technology in the world today and also the most beneficial. The present work aims to evaluate and compare the efficiency of diamond wire in ornamental rocks such as Pegmatito, Gabro and Limestone, in the quarries of Parelhas, Caicó and Apodi, located in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. Our data were collected using bibliographical researches, use of diamond wire, and data collection in loco. The results of the research show the comparisons of each quarry and its due characteristics of work with the use of the wire

Abstract:

Reverse flotation process is a method used for remove impurities from the most abundant iron ore; the itabirite. In this process, amines surfactant are used which may prevent the reuse of water in processes. The Fenton oxidative processes and the synthesis of nanoparticles are highlighted in catalysts application and in organic substances degradation. This study performed the synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) to employ them as catalysts of the modified Fenton reaction to degrade an amine surfactant used in reverse flotation and compared with the classic Fenton (Fe2+) reaction. CuNPs were synthesized by chemical reduction, pH 11 with copper sulfate and ascorbic acid. They were characterized by UV-Vis, DRX and DLS and Zeta potential. The nanoparticles had diameters of 125.00 to 17.22nm and stability during 50 days. The tests were prepared with 180mg/L of amine and 1890mg/L of H2O2 in 150 minutes. The degradation was assessed by UV-Vis and FT IR. The results showed that CuNPs degraded 84% of the surfactant while Fe2+ reached 89%. In this way, both processes can be used for surfactant degradation, although the CuNPs method is easier to operate at neutral pH.

Abstract:

Manganese, a toxic mineral, related to manganism may have high added value for the steel industry. The difficulty in obtaining manganese encourages the exploration of new secondary sources such as the lateritic nickel effluent. In Brazil, nickel reserves are predominantly lateritic, making the country a potential producer. For the tests, a synthetic solution was used which simulates the lateritic nickel effluent from leaching. The oxidative precipitation with ozone occurred at the oxygen flow rates: 0.5; 1.0 and 2.5L/min, at the original pH 1.5 at 21°C in a 500 mL bubble column reactor. O3 was produced in the benchtop generator feed by 99% oxygen. The ozonation time was determined by the oxidation potential1.55V. The ozonated solution was centrifuged and filtered. The filtrate and collected samples were characterized in ICP-OES. Optimization tests with ultracentrifuge were performed. The best precipitation reached 97% at 0.5L/min O2 at 6.07 ± 0.045mg/min of O3 dosage and resulted in a solution 10-15mg/L Mn+2, above 1mg/L, maximum value acceptable by Conama 2011, to be retreated before being discharged into the water body or being reused as a manganese source.

Abstract:

Maghemite is a mineral formed from magnetite oxidation at low temperatures, an intermediate term of the magnetite-hematite series. Maghemite could be misidentified as magnetite by X-ray diffraction, and/or as hematite by spot chemical analysis. Nevertheless, non-stoichiometric magnetite was detected and quantified in samples of Brazilian soils and iron ores by the Rietveld method refinement of its structure. The results were confirmed by optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, thus validating the method. X-ray diffraction with the refinement of the isomorphic substitution of Fe2+ by Fe3+ along the magnetite-maghemite solid solution could help to suitably characterize maghemite in iron ores.

Abstract:

This article is based on a bibliographical review of a field work that was done in the Salina São Camilo in the region of Mossoró - RN. The general objective of this research is to present the main exploratory and beneficiation aspects of salt production. Among the aspects of salt is the properties of salt, history and mining, besides the aspects of environment and work safety. However, this research resulted in preliminary data, but it would be interesting to be more thorough so that the extraction of salt in the academic world is disclosed.

Abstract:

This research is based on a bibliographical review of a field work that was done in the municipality of Parelhas / RN. The area explored, in turn, is known for its richness of mineral resources that are present in pegmatitic rocks. The general objective of this research is to characterize the main properties of the pegmatites and quartzite, in order to verify the heterogeneity of the elements, to raise a possible viability of extraction for economic purposes. The quartzite also presents a siliceous chemical composition. This rock is a source of bricks and silica refractories used in the steel industry and for the preparation of the blast furnace bed, ornamental rock used in different ways (rustic, carved, polished, among others). However, this research resulted in preliminary data, but it would be interesting to be more detailed in order to evaluate the economic viability of these rocks.

Abstract:

The present work aims at the synthesis of nanoparticles of copper by chemical reduction in microwave oven. The solution used comes from the selective copper precipitation of the lateritic nickel leachate. The copper solution (20mL) was placed in a beaker, and 2mL of 100g/L ascorbic acid and 20mL of 20g/L sodium citrate were added in that order and at room temperature. The pH of the mixture was corrected with 1M sulfuric acid or 2M sodium hydroxide. Then the mixture was placed in a microwave oven. The effect of pH, time and microwave power were evaluated. The morphology, composition and size of the particles were verified in Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Results showed that the particles formed had no nanometric size. This may have occurred because the reducing action of ascorbic acid together with sodium citrate generates a very rapid reduction rate, which makes it impossible to form particles on a gauge scale. Particles synthesized at pH 4, after 4 minutes of reaction with 1000W of power presented particles with spherical morphology and only copper in the composition.

Abstract:

In the West Potiguar, in the regions of the Açu Valley, Mossoró, and Chapada do Apodi there is limestone information about 20 square miles (with a thickness ranging from 50 to 400 meters). That limestone is essential raw material for the manufacture of products for an agriculture, is known, and especially for a civil construction. The rock is used for several productions, among them it is used for the production of cement, lime, fertilizers, ornamental rocks. With this, we aim to evaluate the mineral of limestone in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, as well as its use in the production of the most varied products.

Abstract:

Rejects generated in mining projects usually do not have associated economic value. Most of the ore beneficiation processes occur by wet process with a higher fraction of water and ultrafine granulometry, which makes it difficult to dispose of these wastes. In 2013, studies with new tailings treatment and filtering technologies were initiated with the objective of eliminating the disposal of the residue generated in the industrial process to wet in dams. In this context, we tried to evaluate an alternative for the dewatering of the sludge and the tailings, aiming at their disposal in piles. Essentially, we sought to consolidate the application of the high-pressure filtration technology for the effluent dewatering, in order to allow its transport and its disposal in a sustainable way. The studies performed in a pilot filter showed good performance and allowed the industrial implantation. The studies and geotechnical indications of composite tailings (flotation and sludge) make it possible to dispose of the tailings in piles due to their better values of humidity, which allows them to be safely stacked

Abstract:

CSN Mineração S.A. is the second largest exporter of iron ore in Brazil and is among the five most competitive in the market. Casa de Pedra currently has an approximate production capacity of 30 million tons per year. The fleets of small trucks 6x4 and 8x4 models are responsible for the ore movement, traveling an average distance of 10 km between origin and destination. 116 trucks of this size are used in CSN Mineração for the handling of products. Every month this fleet consumes an average of 550,000 liters of fuel. The objective of the work is to do a fuel consumption analysis by truck through the embedded telemetry system. The reports generated through this system provide the specific consumption of each equipment and also the specific consumption of each Driver. As reports are generated it is possible to assess which equipment had a higher specific consumption and, in this case, the respective trucks with greater consumption are directed to the Maintenance team for analysis and action in the event that a problem is identified in the equipment. At the same time, the analysis of the drivers who had the highest specific consumption and conducted a practical and theoretical * Contribuição técnica ao 20º Simpósio de Mineração, parte integrante da ABM Week 2019, realizada de 01 a 03 de outubro de 2019, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. training, addressing the techniques for a safer and therefore economical direction, is carried out. In 2019, the economy of fuel consumption type S10 was 204 thousand liters, which represents 9% of all consumption foreseen for the period.

Abstract:

The target of this work is to analyze the influence of the variation of manganese and chromium contents on the abrasion wear of Hadfield austenitic manganese steels, applied in crushers of ores and to verify the work hardening mechanism. This steel is very important for the mining business and consequently for the Brazilian economy. For that, some alloys were produced varying the manganese range from 12 to 21% and chromium form 0,31 a 2,06 %. The wear resistance was determined by means of microabrasion tests using fixed spheres. For the analysis of the work hardening mechanisms, impact tests were performed by hammering, followed by optical microscopy and hardness profile. Results evidenced the Hadfield steel with higher manganese content and addition of chromium presented higher resistance to abrasion wear. It was observed the main mechanism acting on it was deformation twins, which may elevate the hardness of such steels in more than 4 times when compared to its initial hardness. The manganese content has more influence on the wear resistance.

Abstract:

Clays are essential raw materials for the production of ceramics, being popularly known for their coloration after the sintering process, where basically they have red, white and their variations. The red color, usually found in bricks, tiles and tiles, is acquired by the iron oxide (Fe2O3) present in the clay material. On the other hand, the white coloration is a result of the low amount of Fe2O3 and the high percentage of aluminum oxide (Al2O3). However, despite having a vast potential for use in the ceramics industry, the kaolinite clays, known as white burn, are not easily found by industry. The main challenge to increase the quantity of pieces produced with this type of clay is the prospecting of new deposits. Therefore, the objective of this work is to study the technological properties of a kaolinite clay from the municipality of Boa Saúde - RN. The work was started with the sampling process and the processing of the material. The clay was collected, destorated, comminuted and sieved in an ABNT 200 mesh (74mm) sieve. After this step, thirty (30) test specimens were made, for that a hydraulic press with a pressure of 21MPa was used. The sintering process was carried out in a muffle furnace without protective atmosphere at temperatures of 850°C, 950°C and 1050°C, with a heating rate of 10°C/min and a 60 minute isotherm plateau. At each temperature ten (10) specimens were sintered. In order to evaluate the technological properties, the following tests were used: water absorption (AA%), linear retraction (RL%), fire loss (PF%), apparent porosity (PA%) and apparent specific mass ). At the end of the characterization process, the clay presented a beige coloration and variations of this tonality, corroborating with the result of the EDX analysis that showed a low amount of iron oxide (Fe2O3), soon defining it as being of white burn. The results of the technological tests showed that the ceramic pieces have properties that point to the fabrication of structural ceramics and coatings.

Abstract:

The mineral or rock abrasivity it’s a theme with extreme importance in the mineral industry and it is usually measured through the Bond Abrasiveness Index (AI). However, the test restrains the samples both for the granulometry used in the test, between ½” and ¾”, as well in mass, being necessary 1600 g for each test, beyond the time of about 60 minutes. Aiming the study of abrasiveness of fine materials, the objective of this paper is the development of an modified LCPC test, using fine granulometry, in the order of 1,0 mm or less,, to predict the wear in transport pipes, anticipating possible failures in function of the alteration of abrasiveness features of the material that is being processed, being able to use materials of the prospecting stage, drilling, pre-concentration and flotation streams.

Abstract:

Low-density steels and high-modulus steels are aimed at the manufacture of lighter cars and have a growing interest by industries and research centers. Patent documents are an essential source of information for analyzing the development of a technological sector, as well as supporting decision making. This work aimed to elaborate and analyze indicators, based on information contained in patent records, in low-density steels and high elastic modulus steels. Several alloying elements and reinforcements were mapped to increase specific strength and microstructure control, especially for applications in the automotive industry. Both technologies are of recent interest and are in an emerging stage of development. The properties of ductility, tensile strength and impact resistance are among their main technological challenges, as well as cost reduction.

Abstract:

Ti β alloys present outstanding properties as a high strength combined with a low elastic modulus. Among these alloys, the Ti-Nb-Ta-Zr (TNTZ) known as Gum Metal have been receiving greater attention nowadays. These alloys exhibit low elastic modulus, superelasticity and superplasticity and are suitable materials for the manufacture of stents and implants. For the Gum Metal production, it is recommended an addition of oxygen, as well as an accentuated cold work. In this work, a Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr-0,07O (%wt.) Gum Metal was produced by severe plastic deformation through High Pressure Torsion (HPT) followed by an aging heat treatment. The aim of this work was evaluate the influence of processing route, analyze the microstructural evolution, phase stability and phase formation, as well as the hardness of the Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr-0,07O (%wt.) alloy. The samples were characterized by optical microscope (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Vickers microhardness. OM and XRD analysis show a greater stabilization of β phase, as well as the formation of ω phase after the HPT and aging treatment. After HPT, an increase in microhardness was observed due to the severe plastic deformation imposed to the sample. An increase in microhardness was also observed after the aging treatment, which is direct related to the observed microstructural modification.

Abstract:

A way to detect macro inclusions is through ultrasonic testing, although the analysis and interpretation of the test results are difficult to understand. With the results of inspection, we have information regarding the location of the macro inclusions and therefore their distribution throughout the material. However, establishing criteria to classify the material as to its purity has been a difficult task. The present paper aims establish a data analysis tool to be used for quality control of materials. The results show a positive feasibility of applying this analytical model to evaluate the level of purity of hot-rolled steels.

Abstract:

This project aims to map the manufacturing flow of a 5-axis CNC machine from the LNLS machine shop to identify the causes of low process productivity. Through quality management, statistical tools were used to analyze various facts and data. The data were collected through meetings with sector employees and follow-up of the production process. During the mapping period, it was noticeable that the work performed on the machine in question does not have repeatability, since it is not a series production, with priority being the machining of prototypes for the Sirius project. During the process follow-up, the machine was idle for approximately 14 hours, indicating a low level of production taking into account that the cutting process of the part is automated, but there is a need to perform the manual setup of the machine with each new part which is introduced. From this analysis, it was possible to conclude that it is possible to distribute the activities of the operator while machining a part, in order to increase efficiency during the interval of time in which there is the idleness of the operator as a result of the current process.

Abstract:

Duplex stainless steel combines the mechanical properties of ferrite with corrosion resistance of austenite and is widely used in industrial applications in which high performance on such properties are required. When subjected to intense deformation, austenite partially transformed to martensite, increasing the strength of steel. When the steel is annealed, this transformation is reversed and a martensite is transformed into austenite, resulting in a grain refining material. Secondary phases formed during annealing can impair its mechanical and corrosive properties. In this sense, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the annealing temperature on the corrosion resistance of the cold rolled stainless steel UNS S32304 duplex. The steel was subjected to cold rolling, with 60% thickness reduction, and after annealed at temperatures of 600°C, 700°C, 800°C and 900°C for 0.5 h. The corrosion resistance was studied by the potentiodynamic polarization technique. Strain induced martensite (SIM) formation was noticed after cold rolling, and a partial reverse transformation was seen after annealing at 600ºC. The occurrence of SIM promoted pitting potential reduction and the increasing annealing temperature increased localized corrosion resistance.

Abstract:

In machining process is fundamental to evaluate the machinability of materials. Especially for the austenitic stainless steel which represents a very importance for engineering, due its high corrosion resistance associate to good mechanical properties. Increasing the life of cutting tool, can improves the productivity of process, optimizing the tool change time and reducing expenses with inserts. In addition, excessive wear causes poor quality of finished surface (increased roughness) and increases the production time, resulting in higher manufacturing costs. This paper presents a progressive analysis of wear of cutting tool by analyzing the material finished surface. The presented methodology provides the lifetime of cutting tool, and by analyzing the tool cutting speed and wear curves establish the exact moment to change the tool.

Abstract:

The clay is a material of sedimentary origin of fine granulometry, around 0.002mm, found with ease in the terrestrial sphere. The variations occurring in the clays are due to its intemporal process, including the aspects that determine the concentration of each chemical element present in its composition. The coloring of the products manufactured with these materials is the result of these variations. However, among the different types of clays, those with a lower amount of ferrous oxides have a coloration between beige and yellowish at the end of the production process. This clay is known as white burn because of the color shades acquired after the sintering process and although it may have similar applicability to red, it is not commonly found by industry, which makes its value significantly higher. The State of Rio Grande do Norte has deposits of this material in its territory, for example, the municipalities of Nova Cruz, Macaíba, São Gonçalo do Amarante, Brejinho, Goianinha and Boa Saúde, where samples of the material were collected studied in this work. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the technological properties of ceramic masses, made with a clay from the city of Boa Saúde-RN, for application in the ceramic tile industry. The experimental procedure was started with the sampling and the beneficiation of the material, which was comminuted and sieved in an ABNT 200 mesh sieve. At the end of the process, all raw materials used had a final particle size of 0.074mm. The compacting process of the specimens was done in a hydraulic press with a pressure of 21 MPa. The samples were then sintered in a muffle furnace, without protective atmosphere, at temperatures of 1000 ° C and 1100 ° C, with a heating rate of 10 ° C / min and a 60 minute isotherm plateau. In total, a total of forty (40) specimens were prepared, and twenty (20) samples were sintered per temperature. The technological properties of the samples were measured using the following tests: water absorption (AA%), linear retraction (RL%), fire loss (PF%), apparent porosity (PA%) and apparent specific mass ). Finally, after analyzing the results, it was observed that the studied material can be destined for the ceramics sector porous coatings, especially for the presented results of AA% and PA%.

Abstract:

ASTM 890 grade 3 stainless steel duplex (AID) has great use in the oil tube industry in Brazil and worldwide. The material of the time variation necessary to solubilize a material is important, therefore, by decreasing this time, it can become spent with an furnace. The objective of this paper is the comparison of results for the different solubilization times of ASTM 890 grade 3A molten duplex stainless steel. A literature indicates that a solubilization a year must have the temperature of 1120 ° C, in the period of 4 hours. However, there are no results that show the influence of time intensity on the corrosion resistance of this material. In order to analyze it, 3 thermal intervals were made at 1120 ° C, in times 30 minutes, 2 hours and 4 hours. Grade 3A is characteristic, for example, it does not cover its composition, for example 1% w M and also 25% w Cr. The study was made a microstructural analysis under optical microscope to observe the differences in the phases of the material. Then, electrochemical tests of open circuit potential, impedance spectroscopy and anodic polarization, using a 1M NaCl electrolytic system, were used to verify the corrosion in the alloy. The test was made a review of the steel being exposed to tests of microhardness. Finally, the results were obtained with which expectations do not evolve.

Abstract:

Al-based quasicrystalline-phase former alloys (QC) have a high mechanical strength and wear resistance, especially at high temperatures, which make them promising in applications as molds and dies. For the formation of the QC phase, a high cooling rate must be imposed to the material, usually being obtained only in powder or ribbons. Among the consolidation methods of these materials, there is the hot uniaxial compaction (HUC) process, which applies pressure and temperature during compaction. No study was carried out on the application of HUC to the Al91Fe4Cr3Ti2 alloy. Thus, the present work aimed to produce samples by HUC, characterize and understand the microstructure of recycled quasicrystalline-phase former Al91Fe4Cr3Ti2 alloy. For this, samples were manufactured by HUC using loads of 1 and 1.5 GPa, temperature of 350ºC and compaction time of 1 h. These samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and density measurements by Archimedes method. It was observed that a higher compaction load promoted samples with higher density (2.85 g/cm3) and lower porosity (7%) and it was observed the presence of QC phase in the samples produced.

Abstract:

The new technologies of additive manufacturing can expedite not only the development, but also the prototyping in the steelmaking industry. Therefore, many stages of the productive process can have their efficiency increased, aiming to obtain a final product with higher quality, saving human, economic and operational resources. In this scenario, this undergraduate research project aims to increase the efficiency of the ladle’s teeming to the tundish, through the development of an anti-vortex device for the superior valve of the steel ladle. New geometries and formats were tested in this project through the Design of Experiments (DOE) methodology, using the additive manufacturing in a reduced scale model. Subsequently, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were executed, in order to comprehend the phenomena and the results.

Abstract:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the annealing time in the corrosion resistance of a cold-rolled UNS S32205 DSS. When duplex stainless steel is subjected to heavy deformations austenite partially transformed to martensite, increasing the strength of steel. After annealing this transformation is reversed, that is, the martensite is transformed into austenite. However, these steels have a strong tendency to form secondary phases when exposed to determined temperatures for an interval of time, that lead to deterioration of the mechanical and corrosive properties of them. The studied steel was cold-rolled up to 60% reduction in thickness, and then annealed at 850°C, temperature which the kinetics of secondary phases precipitation is maximum, for 300, 600, 1800 e 86400 seconds. For microstructural analysis was used optical and electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The corrosion resistance was studied by electrochemical impedance technique, using 3,5% NaCl solution. The increase of annealing time increased precipitation of secondary phases which leads to formation of regions depleted in Cr and Mo. With the increase of annealing time, the depletion is partially recovered by the diffusion of these elements, improving the corrosion resistance.

Abstract:

Eventually it becomes necessary to do adaptations in concrete structures during or after their execution, in order to adequate components in reinforced concrete. Such changes, as not provided in the design of that structures, may compromise the load resistance of such structures, invariably necessitating the introduction of a structural reinforcement. The most well-known and used techniques for reinforcements in reinforced concrete structures are: addition of steel bars, steel plates, carbon fiber and external protension. Additionally, practical tests make it possible to quantify the efficiency of an adopted reinforcement choose, including in order to verify the efficiency between the structural adhesion of the materials involved. The method of reinforcing structures by means of additional rebars is the technique most commonly used today because it is easy to execute, does not require specialized labor and has the best cost x benefit. Therefore, this work evaluated the efficiency of structural reinforcement of a beam, which was subjected to a hole not predicted in the design, using the method of adding rebar and steel bars in the traction region of the beam. The results obtained were compared to those observed in a concrete bar with normal steel area.

Abstract:

The Construction industry in the world has sought to build more efficient systems in order to increase productivity, reduce waste and meet a growing demand, embedding itself in this frame steel structures. Through the presentation of concepts, advantages and disadvantages, we will study the technical and economic feasibility of a commercial structure in the steel at Faculdade Redentor, Itaperuna, Rio de Janeiro, comparing with the conventional building system, reinforced concrete cast. To do so will produce a budget structure of a steel building compared to a building with reinforced concrete. After the presentation of data will be discussed the costs of these structures, taking into account the benefits of each enterprise for the purpose of verifying that a building in the metal structure is viable or not. In this project there is also the use of structural steel is feasible technically and economically, due to the advantages offered by this construction material. .

Abstract:

Steel structures are used in several applications in civil construction, with advantages related to other types of constructions, such as lightness and speed in the execution of the work. However one of the biggest problems in this type of construction system is the atmospheric corrosion to which the structural steel used will be subjected. With the objective of evaluating the resistance to atmospheric corrosion, in this work, exhibiting panels were constructed, in accordance with NBR 6209, to maintain common and skid structural steel specimens for an initial period of seventy days in two distinct locations, categorized with environmental aggressiveness I and III, respectively inland and coastal in the state of São Paulo. On the surface the degradation process was clearly differentiated, with the same result being pointed out by the alteration of the mass of the samples, which increased during the exposure to the aggressive environment III, since the formed corrosion products did not break off in the short time of the test. Although it is considered that the standard stipulates a minimum time of two years for the test, which is still in progress, this study points out the need to adopt much more severe corrosion protection mechanisms in the coastal regions.

Abstract:

Raw material is one of the main purposes in the industry. Among the main characteristics of this material is the earthy, fine granulometry and molding function due to the plastic consistency that requires the presence of water. In the case of ceramic coating, these can be classified according to process characteristics, technological properties and applications. The corrosion of the support is a factor of great technological importance and classifies the coatings in products of red color and products of white color. However, this work has the objective of studying the technological properties of a white clay, from the city of Vera Cruz / RN, located in the micro-region of the potential agribusiness, with the objective of obtaining the technical information and indicating its economic viability. For this, the specimens were prepared by uniaxial pressure, using a hydraulic pressure with a pressure of 21 MPa. As samples were sintered in a greenhouse oven at temperatures of 900 ° C, 1000 ° C and 1100 ° C, with a heating rate of 10 ° C / min and a 60 minute isotherm. The technical variables were analyzed using linear retraction (RL%), apparent appearance mass (MEA), water absorption (AA%), fire loss (PF%) and apparent porosity (PA%). The absorption chemistry was made by X-ray fluorescence (FRX). This study is not used the knowledge of a components in the main content of mineral components and to be used to compose ceramic rocks, especially by its clear colouration, however the values of AA used industrial, especially in the coatings industry.

Abstract:

The use of green inhibitors in the corrosion of SAE 1020 carbon steel is an economical and environmentally accessible alternative because, regarding to the commercial inhibitors generally used, they are easily obtainable, and since they are acquired from vegetables, don't represent a risk to the environment. Thus, the present work aims to evaluate the use of aroeira leaves as a corrosion inhibitor for SAE 1020 carbon steel, which is widely used in industry and has low corrosion resistance. The choice of aroeira was due to the fact that the plant is originated from Brazil and is abundant in the Northeast of the country, mainly in Ceará. For analysis, a corrosive medium was used: 0.1 M H2SO4, 3.5% NaCl and NaCl (pH = 4.0); the inhibitor concentrations were: 50, 200, 500 and 1000 ppm. In relation to the electrochemical techniques, Open Circuit Potential (OCP), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Linear Polarization Curves (CP) were used. Thus, through the analysis of the mentioned techniques, it was possible to obtain the behavior of the inhibitor in relation to the material and the medium, as well as to evaluate the best medium for the use of aroeira as a green corrosion inhibitor.

Abstract:

Due to the hazardousness nature of the electric arc furnace dust (EAFD), alternative practices, as reinsertion of waste into the steelmaking process, or its incorporation into other materials, have led the recycling has become a route for this by-product. The aim of this work was to identify technological development areas of the use of EAFD, evaluate the potential of reuse and recycling of waste arising from production of carbon steel, comparing the characteristics obtained from EAFD examined with requirements indicated by an analysis of patents. EAFD generated in the state of Pernambuco was characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), size separation of particles by sieving, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) plus Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis technique. Technology prospecting was con-ducted in EPO European international patent databases and INPI national databases. The analysis carried out show that waste had approximately 28,5% of particle size less than 53μm, composed in its majority by iron and zinc in the form of oxides, present as phases franklinite, zincite and magnetite. The small particle size and chemical composition allow its application in the field of ceramic materials, and reinsertion into the steelmaking process. The waste studied had similar characteristics with other wastes observed in patents.

Abstract:

Contamination of soils and the hydrological environment by hydrocarbons of long chains, generally due to ruptures of ducts or by accidents occurred in their transport, affect the environment in a deleterious way. Aiming for future applications in soil and water remediation, there is a need for specific biodegradation studies, such as bacteria that use long chain oils as a source of carbon, in order to improve understanding of the interaction mechanism of oil and bacteria. Based on this reasoning, for the development of this work aimed at finding, studying and understanding the metabolism of a microbiota capable of using long chain hydrocarbons as a carbon source, bacteria lineages were isolated from a community found in oil sludge. This bacterial community has evaluated its biodegradation power of several molecules, constituents of petroleum, as well as its metabolic preference for specific chains, resulting in a better understanding of the processing of petroleum derived components by microorganisms. The results of chromatography proved biodegradation by reducing the peaks, and by studying the chromatograms it was was possible to identify the biodegradable substances.

Abstract:

Porous ceramics were produced with manganese ferrite nanoparticles using freeze casting, and it was possible to obtain a oriented porous ceramic. Two samples of porous ceramics were produced with PEG-4000 and PEG-8000 like dispersant binder, both using 8%w. SEM imagens showed a porous ceramics structure in both samples. Archimedes’ method was used to get the measures of porosity and apparent density and densification. The pure ferrite and the sintered samples were characterized by XRD and it was observed only the presence of the ferrite phase for pre-sintering samples and phase transformation from ferrite to Mn and Fe oxides after heat treatment. That results indicates the use of these ceramics as filtering elements.

Abstract:

The response to ballistic impact of alumina-ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) composites with different relative concentrations of alumina was investigated. The impact tests were carried out at subsonic speed using a compressed air system. The best performance samples were the A00 and A90, being poor adhesion between the UHMWPE matrix and alumina particles. The depth of penetration (DOP) in a Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) bulkhead protected by a disk of the composite decreased with increasing concentration of alumina in the composite.

Abstract:

Unplanted holes are commonly drilled into beams without proper precautions at the time of their execution. In order to perform a hole on a structural element, a planning must first be carried out, to define the criteria of effectiveness and structural dimensioning according to NBR 6118: 2014, since these holes may end up interfering with the structural behavior of the beam. In this way, the present work has the purpose of studying the influence of the holes in the reinforced concrete beams in order to analyze if the structural element suffers a loss in its resistance because the hole was not planned at the moment of the beam sizing. For the accomplishment of this work three beams of reinforced concrete were dimensioned, where it was presented all the procedure of its construction, from the sizing of the beam with its calculation memorial, preparation of the forms and frame, concreting, execution of the holes with the loaded beam and analysis of cracks and cracks generated in the region of the holes. In order to validate the results obtained, all three beams were constructed and tested at the UNAERP University. The holes had a diameter of 50mm and even occurring loss of steel area did not influence the strength of the beams.

Abstract:

Nowadays the metal structures have a wide range of applications, being used for the construction of bridges, stadiums, sheds, oil rigs, airports, silos, deposits, among other numerous applications. In most cases, these types of structures have large size and suffer great efforts, so they are subject to failure. The fracture mechanics is a science where it studies the behavior of a certain flaw, the crack. Therefore, the present work was aimed at analyzing the behavior of cracks in steel structures, more specifically on a pedestal of an offshore crane manufactured in ASTM A-36 steel. To accomplish such a feat was necessary the metallographic assay and mechanical traction assays following the ASTM A-370 standard, and fracture toughness according to the British Standard-7448, development of a mathematical model for the pedestal according to mechanics classical, calculation of the criticality of three types of cracks being they, surface, through-thickness and embedded with the support of the British Standard-7910 and the calculation of the growth estimation of cracks. The entire methodological procedure of the work allowed the characterization of the microstructure of the material, determination of the mechanical properties of the material, the fracture toughness of the steel, the mechanical efforts that work on the pedestal, the criticality of the cracks and the maximum dimensions that the cracks will have to bring the structure to the collapse. The surface flaw obtained the largest dimensions for the collapse of the structure, being 22.2 mm deep and 88.83 mm in length. The through-thickness flaw has had the smallest dimension for the collapse, with a length of 63.67 mm. The embedded flaw presented dimensions of 24.99 mm in width and 66.015 mm in length. However, the cracks in their initial dimensions did not present any risk to the structures, however, the study was able to determine the maximum size that the cracks can achieve, being possible estimate the useful life of the element. .

Abstract:

Through the search of the feasibility of usage of paperboard tubes in engineering projects it has become necessary to study deepening this material. Following the ABNT NBR rules, some absorption tests have been carried out with unprotected and protected samples through the usage of waterproof. Shigure Ban, the famous Japanese architect, who uses and stands for the constructions using paperboard tubes, has been used as bibliographic backup. In the tests paperboard tubes 4 mm thick, collected from graphic offices of Itaperuna and region, have been used. The absorption results to the waterproof unprotected samples have varied from 140.04 to 153.31 (%). To the waterproof protected samples values from 81.05 to 96.51 ( %) have been found. The results have shown a significative difference to the absorption of the two samples tested. We can conclude that it is important to use waterproofing agents before carrying on the project. It is also of great importance the research of varied products to the impermeabilization, since this study has focuses its analyses in only one product. Altogether it can be said that engineering projects can be carried out totally or partially with the usage of paperboard tubes. It is up to the engineer responsible for the project to evaluate the best usage of the material, aiming for lower cost, safety and lower environment impact

Abstract:

It’s recurrent the tool detrition because of high temperatures, seeing that majority parto f the energy involved in the machining process is transformed into termal energy (Silva, et at, 2007). In order to have more system control were created analytical and experimental methods to know the real cutting temperature. The objective of this work is compare the cutting temperatures in the thinning and the finishing process in a proof body made bay stainless steal 304. The temperature was measured along the two processes by a infrared thermometer, obtaining by this way the experimental temperatures. To obtain the analytical temperatures, the Cook method was used. At the end, It can be seen that the cutting temperatures of the thinning process were higher than the finishing process, also looking that the analytical temperatures wee higher than experimental temperatures

Abstract:

The present work covers the study of a raw material transport system for the production of granular superphosphate, consisting in a sequence of three conventional belt conveyors and a cups elevator. The components of these equipment are portrayed apart and then the operation of the assembly is explained. Problems are presented in the performance of the equipment and the identified causes. For this reason, the economic viability of replacing the current equipment for a pipe conveyor, a more advanced system that is also detailed through the description of its components and operation. The analysis begins with the sizing of the two types of equipment according to the available plant. Then, the actual set is compared with the proposed one, considering the product waste, time and cost of maintenance stops, and the cost of implementing the new equipment.

Abstract:

The aim of this work is to use computational thermodynamics to study the properties of desulfurizing initial slags using mixtures with different fluxes: fluorspar, sodalite, aluminum dross, B2O3 and ilmenite. At first, the mixtures were defined and then simulations were performed for the heating of these mixtures at 1350 ºC by FactSage 7.2 software. Thus, the desulfurization factor (FDeS) was calculated for each mixture based on equilibrium conditions. The mixtures containing 5 and 10% of fluorspar and 5% of sodalite presented the highest FDeS. In contrast, mixtures with 10, 15 and 20% of B2O3 had the worst results in this analysis. Mixtures of the literature were also simulated in order to obtain the FDeS and relate it to desulfurization efficiency.

Abstract:

Although the wear resistance resulting from the addition of third elements in Al-Sn alloys is generally the main property evaluated, not only the tribological phenomena are responsible for gradual deterioration of parts, but also the corrosion phenomena. Thus, the present study aims to analyze the effect of microstructural characteristics, formed during transient solidification of Al-9wt.%Sn-5wt.%Zn alloy, on the corrosion resistance in a 0.06M NaCl solution investigated by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It was observed a microstructural morphology characterized by dendrites of the α-Al phase with concentrations of Zn in both the dendritic matrix and in Sn-rich regions at the interdendritic contours. The evolution of the primary dendritic spacings (λ1) was also correlated with solidification thermal parameters. Finally, it was verified that the sample with the coarsest microstructure, i. e., λ1 = 89.6 μm, showed comparatively lowest corrosion current density and highest polarization resistance.

Abstract:

The continuous casting machine is one of the most important steel production steps in a melt shop. The tundish, a reservoir between the steelmaking ladle and the mold, has great influence over the steel cleanliness, along with the productivity bid. It must takes into account the quality of the metal and operational safety. Several different variables are related to the tundish process, of inclusionary cleanliness. Some of them are discussed in this paper: the free opening of ladle, tundish inertization, steel temperature in the reservoir and clogging formation, besides a brief topic about castability. Therefore, a critical analysis, with a review from some papers available in literature, is proposed in this study, with its focus on tundish

Abstract:

To meet the market demand for steels with increasingly lower phosphorus content, mastering the most efficient dephosphorizing methods is fundamental. Thus, the use of computational thermodynamics is extremely important, since the software simulations are a fast, safe and efficient way to obtain results in the area of steelmaking. In the present work it was proposed with FactSage 7.2 the analysis of the efficiency of dephosphorization of different fluxes: fluorspar, sodalite, B2O3 and soda ash; which were added to a standard dephosphorizing mixture of 70g, in the simulations the total mass was kept constant at 70g and the percentage by weight of the fluxing agents used in the mixture was 5 and 10%. As we have in literature that it is possible to correlate the dephosphorization factor (FDeP) with the efficiency, after made the calculation of the FDeP through the FactSage simulations, the correlation with the efficiency was done to know which the fluxes was the most efficient and what was the effect of increasing the weight percentage of the fluxes in the dephosphorizing mixture. Fluorspar proved to be the most efficient fluxe followed by the soda ash, and the highest efficiency was achieved when the weight percent of the fluxes was 5%.

Abstract:

Slag entrainment during steel ladle drainage plays an important role in metallic yield, cleanness and continuous casting productivity. Physical and numerical models were employed in order to study the vortex and funnel draining flow in steel ladle drainage. A 1:6.5 scale ladle model has been used in order to assess the influence of drainage flow, initial liquid height, bath temperature and thermal stratification inside the ladle on the liquid critical height (Hcr) for vortex onset. In all experimental conditions, the value of Hcr proportionally increased with drainage flow. The sub-superficial velocity field developed during the last moments of drainage has been measured using Particle Image Velocimetry – PIV. Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations shows a good agreement with results from physical modeling, and it is able to describe liquid flow rate and temperature influence over Hcr value.

Abstract:

The study of this work was directed to the unidirectional solidification of the Al-9%Ni alloy using a device in which its internal camera does not allow the existence of temperature gradient in a direction other than the direction of solidification. After the melting and solidification, process samples of random positions along the ingot were collected to perform the metallographic, mechanical and optical microscopy and scanning procedures. The macrostructure was predominantly vertical columnar, and the microstructure was dendritic in the regions closest to the heat extraction, with its smaller spacing, which influenced the increase in hardness. It is also observed by scanning electron microscopy the presence of a large amount of Al3Ni fibers, which also contributed to the increase of the resistance of the alloy.

Abstract:

Secondary refining is a process where the homogenization of steel and flows of inclusions occur in the metallic bath, which knowledge of the time of mixture is necessary in the production of clean steels. The ladle, the main vessel where the procedure occurs, contains inert plugs or injection nozzles, argonium or nitrogen, which are responsible for the steel rinsing. Due to the importance of this stage in this process, this work has obtained the study of the two-phase steel flow with two different configurations, the configuration one with two inert gas plugs: both of the ray and the configuration two with two gas plugs inertial, one midday, and others in the center of the ladle. Computational fluidodynamics, cfd, for the production of simulations that provided tracer curves and the speed profile for both the configurations were used in this project. The simulated results indicate that the two configuration is the most indicated for two-phase discharge, being the best option to be used in the industrial ladle model..

Abstract:

This work aimed to study the influence of the CaO granulometry added to the process of dephosphorization, temperature and FeO content in the agglomeration of solid particles in the slag. For this, laboratory tests were carried out in seven different experimental conditions, as well as the analysis of images by software Quantikov, to measure the agglomeration, besides computational thermodynamic analysis. The granulometry, temperature and percentage of FeO were shown to be relevant parameters in the agglomeration of the dephosphorization slag and the image analysis proved to be a useful tool to obtain these resultS.

Abstract:

In iron refining processes, ferroalloys play a very important role. And it is necessary to know the behavior of the performance of these alloys so that unnecessary additions are not made that can raise the costs of production or even entail in losses of races by chemical composition outside the specification range. In this work the secondary refining simulator of the Steel University was used to evaluate the performance behavior of the main ferroalloys in a rinsing station with a metallic bath deoxidized to aluminum and in a non-deoxidized bath. It was possible to evaluate that the yield behavior of the ferroalloys tends to be more positive when the metal bath deoxidation is done using Aluminium. This made a comparative of the cost of production that showed that, when one knows the behavior of the yields, it is possible to generate savings for the process.

Abstract:

Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are responsible for the thermal exchange between the heat source of the integrated processor and the heatsink base. Due to their low melting point, good fluidity and compliance with regulatory requirements (Restriction of Hazardous Substances - RoHS), bismuth-based alloys have been investigated for application as high performance TIMs. In this context, the analysis of the properties of these alloys as functions of microstructural parameters becomes, therefore, of high scientific and technological interest for the electronic industry. Thus, this work aims to develop correlations between tensile properties and the microstructure of the Bi-0.28wt.%Ni alloy processed by an upward directional solidification technique under a range of cooling rates usually obtained in industrial processes. By means of optical and scanning electron microscopy, a typical lamellar eutectic morphology was observed, composed of lamellae bismuth-rich with the Bi3Ni intermetallic phase in the interlamellar region. Then, the lamellar spacings (λL) were correlated with solidification thermal parameters to propose microstructural growth laws. Finally, it was observed that, for λL <101 μm, Hall-Petch type equations characterize the variation of both the ultimate tensile strength and the yield strength.

Abstract:

The present work has the objective of investigating and analyzing the river basin conceptions of a beach of Mosqueiro PA regarding the process of environmental degradation with emphasis on erosive processes. The subjects of the survey were 30 people living in the area close to degradation. A semi-structured interview containing six questions regarding the erosion process was used as a data collection instrument. It was observed in the responses of the interviewees that erosion affects both the livelihood of the riverine community itself and the fauna and flora, causing an environmental imbalance.

Abstract:

Automation is in everywhere nowadays, including within companies and industries, and is therefore fundamental and essential for production, quality and process control of them. There are many ways to automate a production line or a machine can be through relay logic, Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), and even more modern microcontrollers with native Internet of Things (IoT) support can be used. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each approach? A PCB was created using more modern microcontrollers programmed in C, C ++ and Whiting language to simulate a replacement of a PLC in an actual machine. Having a very positive result, being able to handle the machine manually via Wi fi besides being able to also perform a real-time monitoring of the machine's motors through the mobile phone, thus entering the IoT and fitting into the Industry 4.0.

Abstract:

This paper aims to develop a device to measure mechanical stresses of structural parts of a Baja vehicle to estimate its instantaneous value with the use of: Strain gages; a hardware for data processing; an embedded system for data acquisition and manipulation; and a human-machine interface to analyze the results.

Abstract:

In an environment where data is becoming a valuable commodity, consequently the value comming from these becomes a fundamental tool for the evolution of any business. Aiming the value of this commodity, we started to fit the road’s weighing system of ArcelorMittal Tubarão into ArcelorMittal Vega’s process, providing an standard for weighings and data validations, reducing incidents caused by third-part systems in the weighing process and ensuring the organization of those data, with easy access for all users.

Abstract:

Use of computers has growing so grandiose, because of this, the interest of the people to be more detail on this matter and seek information for their survival in the virtual environment has grown as well. Over time, these same people in which sought knowledge for their survival realize that to go further. Thereafter, try new experiences in virtual environments, making invasions in common users, or even of large companies. This work was done in order to create a culture of prevention to connect the Internet, guiding and preventing users from using computers safely and correctly. Demonstrating that the most common means of attack and how to avoid these types of attacks. It was established mechanisms, not to create a network 100% safe, but have ways of how to prevent and avoid these types of attacks.

Abstract:

The globalized economy of the automotive sector requires greater optimization in logistics processes. To meet this demand the systemic application appears as an option to make the logistics process and its operations more flexible and to become a strategic department. These operations are related to the production chain, that is, from the raw material to the final customer. To do so, investing in disruptive technologies becomes essential to making gains and integrating the entire logistics process in the industry. In order to minimize possible risks with delays in the collection or delivery and meeting the expectations of the client, in addition to avoiding fines. In this way, the technology helps to monitor in real time all vehicle activities inside and outside the industry, combining as advantages to cure possible problems like delay and lack of raw material. Due to the need for deliveries at the date and time already stipulated, as they are related to the production planning of the automaker. If delay occurs in the collection already scheduled this can generate negative impacts and losses. To avoid these losses, it is necessary to invest in robust technology to improve the logistics process. In this scenario, the technology that evidences the loading process allows to optimize and flexible the logistics management in the automotive sector. This work demonstrates the substitution of the manual logistic process of the control of vehicle loading, by a system that evidences the process automatically. This replacement allows you to automate some logistics operations, reduce the time and operational costs between the various shipments made daily. The results of this new system allow to integrate the logistic process in real time, obtain operational gains, improve information management in less time with safety and reliability for the automotive sector.

Abstract:

Authentication is the means to make sure that the user or the remote object is actually who you are claiming to be. It is an essential security service because reliable authentication ensures access control, determines who is authorized to access information, allows audit trails and ensures the legitimacy of access.